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ABSTRACT

Usability is the extent to which a product can be used by specific users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction in a specified context of use. The Nielsen’s usability model has been popularly used for system usability evaluation. This thesis introduces a modification to Nielsen’s usability evaluation model which was used to evaluate the usability status of digital libraries in tertiary institutions in Lagos State. The digital libraries used were that of University of Lagos, Lagos State Polytechnic and Federal College of Education, Akoka. This modified model incorporates four traditional attributes (Efficiency, Effectiveness, Satisfaction, Learnability) and two additional attributes (Discoverability and Cognitive Load) introduced by the researcher; these two attributes were introduced because they have been proven to be user centered attributes which will help in getting the users’ personal experience while using the software (digital library) unlike the existing usability evaluation models which were majorly system centered.

The digital libraries will be assessed using modified heuristic think aloud method. The study employed purposive sampling technique to select the three tertiary institutions that was used for the evaluation while Yaro Yamani formula was used to calculate the users’ population sample size of (40) for each of the institution. Six task based questionnaires were used to carry out test in collecting data for the study; they include: (i) Discoverability test, (ii) Cognitive Load test (iii) Learnability test (iv) Effectiveness test (v) Efficiency test and (vi) Satisfaction test. The mean of each of the usability attributes were used to evaluate the usability status of the digital libraries of the selected institutions. IBM SPSS statistics version 21 was used to calculate the mean.

The result of the usability test carried out established that the digital libraries of the tertiary institutions in Lagos state were usable. It also indicated that the users of the digital libraries were satisfied with the use of the digital libraries in the investigated institutions. For the three institutions, discoverability has a mean of 14.65, cognitive load has a mean of 14.81, learnability has a mean of 16.21, effectiveness has a mean of 16.89, efficiency has a mean of 16.56 and satisfaction has a mean of 16.27. Usability results of the evaluated libraries showed that the digital libraries are: Effective, Efficient, Satisfactory, helps users to learn and the discoverability and cognitive load of the students are fast.

In conclusion, this study has successfully modified the Nielsen’s usability evaluation model by adding Discoverability and Cognitive Load to its constructs and this study has also contributed to literature. The modified Nielsen usability evaluation model is recommended for use to evaluate usability of other digital libraries in other tertiary institutions in Nigeria and Abroad.

Keywords: Usability, Digital Library, Usability Construct, Nielsen’s Model, Purposive

Sampling

 

Word Count: 459

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content                                                                                                                   Page

Title Page                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                           ii

Dedication                                                                                                              iii

Acknowledgments                                                                                                 iv

Abstract                                                                                                                  v

List of Tables                                                                                                          ix

List of Figures                                                                                                        x

List of Appendices                                                                                                 xi

Chapter One                Introduction                

1.1               Background to the Study                                                                   1

1.2               Statement of the Problem                                                                   3

1.3               Objective of the Study                                                                       4

1.4               Research Questions                                                                             4

1.5               Significance of the Study                                                                   4

1.6               Scope of the Study                                                                             4

1.7               Methodology                                                                                      5

1.8               Operational Definition of Terms                                                         5

1.9               Organisation of Subsequent Chapters                                                            5

Chapter Two               Review of Literature                                     

2.0               Introduction                                                                                        6

2.1               Definition of usability                                                                         6

2.1.1            Attributes of usability                                                                         6

2.1.2            Importance of usability                                                                       8

2.1.3            The role of usability in digital libraries                                               9

2.2               Usability Evaluation Models                                                              10

2.2.1            Usability in ISO 9126                                                                         10

2.2.2            ISO/IEC 9126-1                                                                                 11

2.2.3            Usability in ISO 9241                                                                         12

2.2.4            ISO 9241-11                                                                                       13

2.2.5            Dix et al usability evaluation model                                                   14

Content                                                                                                                   Page

2.2.6            Nielsen usability evaluation model                                                     15

2.2.7            Eason usability evaluation model                                                       16

2.2.8            Enhanced usability evaluation model                                                 17

2.2.9            Normative usability evaluation model                                                17

2.2.10          Modified Nielsen’s usability evaluation model                                  18

2.3               Usability evaluation methods                                                             18

2.3.1            Card Sorting                                                                                       18

2.3.2            Open card sort                                                                                                19

2.3.3            Closed card sort                                                                                  19

2.3.4            Cognitive walkthrough                                                                       19

2.3.5            Focus group                                                                                        20

2.3.6            Think aloud                                                                                         21

2.3.7            Contextual Inquiry                                                                              21

2.3.8            Heuristic evaluation                                                                            22

2.3.9            Questionnaire                                                                                      23

2.4               Digital library                                                                                      24

2.4.1            Role of digital library in Education                                                    25

2.4.2            Sources of digital library                                                                     26

2.5               Review of closely related work on usability evaluation                     29

Chapter Three Methodology                                                     

3.0               Introduction                                                                                        33

3.1               Research Design                                                                                 33

3.2               Population                                                                                           33

3.2.1            UNILAG digital library                                                                      33

3.2.2            FCE. (T) Akoka digital library                                                            34

3.2.3            LASPOTECH digital library                                                              35

3.3               Sample size and sampling technique                                                   36

3.4               Usability model design/development                                                 37

3.5               Method of data collection                                                                  39

3.5.1            Think Aloud                                                                                        39

3.5.2            Heuristic evaluation                                                                            39

Content                                                                                                                   Page

3.5.3            Modified heuristic think aloud method                                              40

3.5.4            Modified heuristic think aloud evaluation                                         40

3.6               Evaluation Tool                                                                                   40

3.7               Tasks in Usability Testing                                                                   41

Chapter Four    DATA ANALYSIS, Results and                                                             Discussion of Findings                 

4.0               Introduction                                                                                        42

4.1               Results of Usability Tests                                                                   42

Research Question One                                                                      42

4.1.1            Discoverability Test                                                                            42

4.1.2            Cognitive Load Test                                                                           43

4.1.3            Learnability Test                                                                                 44

4.1.4            Effectiveness Test                                                                               45

4.1.5            Efficiency Test                                                                                    46

4.1.6            Satisfaction Test                                                                                 46

Research Question Two                                                                      47

Chapter Five      Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1               Summary                                                                                             49

5.1.1            Summary of Findings                                                                                     49

5.2               Conclusion                                                                                          50

5.3               Recommendations                                                                              50

References                                                                                                             51

 List of tables

Table                                                                                                                       Page

2.1               Attributes of usability                                                                         8

4.1               Mean and Standard Deviation of Discoverability Test                      43

4.2               Mean and Standard Deviation of Cognitive Load Test                     44

4.3               Mean and Standard Deviation of Learnability Test                           45

4.4               Mean and Standard Deviation of Effectiveness Test                         45

4.5               Mean and Standard Deviation of Efficiency Test                              46

4.6               Mean and Standard Deviation of Satisfaction Test                           47

4.7               Mean and Standard Deviation of Usability Test Using

Modified Nielsen’s Model                                                                  48

4.8               Mean and Standard Deviation of Usability Test Using

Nielsen’s Model                                                                                  48

3.1               Response on discoverability task                                                        57

3.2               Response in cognitive walkthrough task                                            58

3.3               Response on Learnability task                                                            59

3.4               Response on Effectiveness task                                                          59

3.5               Response on Efficient task                                                                 60

3.6               Response on satisfaction task                                                             61

List of figures

Figure                                                                                                                     Page

2.1               Usability in ISO 9126                                                                         11

2.2               ISO/IEC 9126-1                                                                                 12

2.3               ISO 9241-11                                                                                       14

2.4               Dix et al Usability evaluation model                                                  15

2.5               Nielsen usability evaluation model                                                     16

2.6               Eason usability evaluation model                                                       17

2.7               Modified Nielsen’s usability evaluation model                                  18

3.1               Modified Nielsen’s usability evaluation model                                  39

List of appendiCes

Appendix                                                                                                                Page

A         Task based Questionnaires                                                                  56

B         Pictorial View of task based questionnaire filled                               62

C         Pictorial view of students carrying out the test                                  74

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

The world has become a global village where information technology is used in all spheres of human activity to record, store, and disseminate information in the digital form. The new generation whose demand for information is insatiable is always demanding that traditional libraries be developed as a well-equipped and interconnected as digital libraries. Information and Communication Technology has revolutionized the concept of libraries such that libraries are gradually becoming digitized. A digital library comprises digital collections, services and infrastructure to support lifelong learning, research, scholarly communication as well as preservation and conservation of our recorded knowledge. It is also a process of democratization of information.

 

According to Arms (2012) a digital library is a managed collection of information with associated services where the information is stored in digital format and accessible over a network. A digital library is an organized collection of digitized material or it’s holding in the digital form, which can be accessible from digital devices on the network using Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) or other protocol. In digital library high speed optical fiber are used for Local Area Network (LAN) and the access is over Wide Area Network (WAN) and provide a wide range of Internet based services including audio and video conferencing and others. Lynch (2013) opined that digital libraries provide users with coherent access to a very large, organized repository of information and knowledge.

 

According to the Berkeley Digital Library Project, University of California (Wilensky, 2012), the digital library will be a collection of distributed information sources. Some of the requirements for digital libraries are: Audio visual (T.V, V.C.R, life theatre and D.V.D), Computer, Network connectivity, Printer, Scanner, Storage devices, Software. Digital libraries have features such as: Incorporating learning and access, provides fast and efficient access to information, with multiple access modes, collections which are large and persistent over time, well organized and managed. The purpose of Digital Library is to expedite the systematic development of procedures to collect, store, and organize information in digital form, promote efficient delivery of information economically to all users, encourage co-operative efforts in research resource, computing, and communication networks, strengthen communication and collaboration between and among educational institutions and take leadership role in the generation and dissemination of knowledge. Digital libraries are getting famous for flexibility of use and more users can be facilitated at a time. As numbers of users increases, some issues relevant to interaction also arise while using digital libraries interface and utilizing its e-resources.

 

Usability is an important aspect of evaluating applications. Usability standards should be followed by the websites designer that supports user’s confidence level and interest when interacting with the website. Interactivity is a basic principle underlying the satisfactory behavior of the system by the user. System constraints are basic conditions to operate functionalities that integrate different services and sources in one interface that displays to develop interest of users. Searching of information is an important perspective where usability is of high relevance for user satisfaction. The interface is an important part in every system because this is the part where the user directly interacts with the system and utilizes services offered by the system. In every system, usability is a reverse procedure which means it can be done at any phase of software development life cycle. Specifically, students, teachers and researchers are end users of the application and their interaction with the system shows the satisfactory behavior. It helps developers or service providers to understand how the application is used by the end users and if the system is fulfilling user requirements or not. The best way to achieve this understanding is to repeat a usability test after a period of time because it requires a lot of changes to be made in the system, and for some users those are not satisfied with the functionalities or interactivity with the system sources. Therefore, usability testing is becoming an important ingredient in different types of application.

 

The International Standards Organization (ISO) (2014) defines usability as “the extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction in a specified context of use”(p.10). Nielsen (2013) points out that usability has five attributes: Learnability, efficiency, Memorability, low error rate or easy error recovery, and satisfaction. Brinck, Gergle, and Wood (2012) share a similar perspective that usability is functionally correct, efficient to use, easy to learn and remember, error tolerant,  and subjectively pleasing. In addition, Booth (2013) outlines that usability has four factors: usefulness, effectiveness (ease of use), Learnability, and attitude (likeability). Hix and Hartson (2013) classify usability into initial performance, long-term performance, Learnability, retainability, advanced feature usage, first impression, and long-term user satisfaction. The definitions given by ISO and Nielsen are most widely cited. Usability is about:

  1. Effectiveness – can users complete tasks, achieve goals with the product, i.e. do what they want to do?
  2. Efficiency – how much effort do users require to do this? (Often measured in time)
  3. Satisfaction – what do users think about the products ease of use?

The factors listed above is affected by:

  1. The users – who is using the product? e.g. are they highly trained and experienced users, or novices?
  2. Their goals – what are the users trying to do with the product – does it support what they want to do with it?
  3. The usage situation (or ‘context of use’) – where and how is the product being used? (ISO 9241-11, 2012).

Usability is used to evaluate the digital library. Usability is important because any product or system is finally dependent on users who are to evaluate it. The digital library must pass the usability test. The existing usability evaluation models have been used to evaluate digital libraries abroad. It has been considered necessary to modify model from the existing model that can meet the peculiar needs of digital libraries in Nigeria.

 

1.2 Statement of the Problem

System usability and system usefulness are interdependent properties of system interaction while in combination, determines system satisfaction and usage. Most usability evaluation models such as the Nielsen model, ISO model and Dix model are majorly system centered, since digital libraries are to be used by individuals there is a need for a model that is both system-centered and user-centered. Many higher institutions in Nigeria provide academic digital libraries and usability evaluation have been conducted in some of these digital libraries; however, usability evaluation has not been conducted in UNILAG, FCE(T) and LASPOTECH digital Libraries to gauge the performance of the system in context of users’ perspectives i.e. how far the academic digital libraries fulfill the users’ needs.

 

Also, there is a need to know if the systems are useful to its users. Since digital libraries are supposedly designed for people (as users) to use, evaluating the performance of the system is of utmost importance. Therefore, this work develops a modified evaluation model for evaluating digital libraries and will be tested by end-users (students).

 

1.3 Objective of the Study

The main objective of this study is to propose a modified usability evaluation model and implement it using a digital library. The specific objectives are to:

  1. modify Jacob Nielsen usability evaluation model;
  2. test the model developed in (i) using three (3) digital libraries and
  3. bench-mark the model against Nielsen Usability evaluation model

 

1.4 Research Question

  1. What is the usability status of a given digital library using the modified model?
  2. Using the modified model, how acceptable is the model developed?

 

1.5 Significance of the Study

This research work is considered significant as it would modify Nielsen’s usability evaluation model that would be used for usability evaluation of digital libraries. Through this research work, we would know how acceptable the model developed is and the factors that contribute to the usability of digital libraries. These factors would help us when laying down the prototype of the digital library. Information provided would be credible, reliable and useful to enable the incorporation of results obtained into decision making process of the professionals, institutions and programmers in designing and improving their digital libraries. We can also give suggestions to government, education planners and school administrators on how to improve digital libraries to meet up to standardized digital libraries. The result of this research can help programmers, professionals and academic institutions in building standard digital libraries for their respective institutions.

 

1.6 Scope of the Study

The scope of the project is to modify Nielsen’s usability evaluation model that will be used to evaluate usability status of digital library in any tertiary institution in Nigeria. The research also uses the developed model to evaluate the usability status of a digital library of a tertiary institution. The developed model would be tested at the University of Lagos digital library, Federal College of Education digital library and Lagos state polytechnic, Ikorodu digital library and the following usability constructs (discoverability, cognitive load, efficiency, effectiveness, learnability and satisfaction) would be used to evaluate the digital library.

 

1.7 Methodology

We are modifying Nielsen’s usability model and it would be used to test the usability of a digital library. To achieve this, we will be using the modified Heuristic-Think aloud method.

 

1.8 Operational Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined as used in this study.

Usability: It is defined as the extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified extent of use.

Digital library: A digital library is a collection of information and digital contents that are kept in digital formats and these are accessible to different users through computers by having access to the internet.

Internet: The internet is a global computer network that provides a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected network using standardized communication protocols.

Modified model: It includes a combination of latent and observed variables. It allows you to integrate all available knowledge into one approach will reducing effort and maintaining accuracy.

 1.9 Organization of subsequent Chapters

The chapters are organized in the following order. Chapter One contains the discussion on the general area covered by this research, the Chapter Two provides specialized overview of the literature review, Chapter Three describes the methodology used for this research work, Chapter Four contains the result and discussion of findings and Chapter Five contains summary of the work done, provides conclusions and recommendations.

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