A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE MODE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF NIGERIAN SECONDARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM: TOWARDS SOCIO-ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF YOUTH

TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0. CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Statement of Problem

Purpose of Study

Significance of Study

Research Questions

Scope of Study

Operational Definition of Terms and Variable

2.0. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

Theoretical Framework –Functional Curriculum Theory

The Concept and Meaning of Curriculum

Nigerian Secondary Education Goals and Objectives

Curriculum for Wealth Creation /self-employmen

Concept of Vocational and Technical Education

Secondary Education Curriculum Implementation in Nigeria

3.0. CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

Research Design

Population

Sample and Sampling Technique

Instruments

Pilot Study /Validation of Instruments

Procedure for Data Collection

Data Analysis

4.0. RESULTS

Testing of Research Question one: Appropriateness of the Nigerian secondary education interms of goals, content, method, in meeting the philosophy of Nigerian educational system

Testing of Research Question two: Teaching method used in implementing the curriculum in Nigeria secondary schools

Testing of Research Question three: Number of skill-based subjects taught in Nigerian

secondary schools

Testing of Research Question four: Infrastructural facilities available in Nigerian secondary

schools

Testing of Research Question five: Proportion of specialist teachers available in Nigerian

secondary schools

Testing of Research Question six: Practical (entrepreneurial) skills students have learnt in

school with which they can create self-employment

Testing of Research Question seven: Students entrepreneurial capability i.e. Products and

services students have produced on their own

Testing of Research Question eight: Effect of school location on the mode of curriculum

implementation

Testing of Research Question nine: Effect of school type on the mode of curriculum

implementation

5.0. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND CONCLUSION

Summary of findings

Discussion

Recommendon

Limitation of the study

Conclusion and policy implication of the findings

Suggestions for further research

BIBLIOGRAPY

APPENDIX

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The universal declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in December 1948 guaranteed for the individual a whole range of basic freedom with education serving as a basic right necessary for the achievement of all other freedoms. The achievement of the right to education requires that young people be given the opportunity necessary for the acquisition of the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values which will enable them lead happy and productive lives as individuals and discharge their social duties for the betterment of life in the society. Nigeria, having realized the effectiveness of education as a powerful instrument for national progress and development, adjusted her educational philosophy and methodology to march the ideals and challenges of changing economic and social structure of modern society (National Policy on Education 1981, revised 2004). Consequently, in 1982, Nigeria adjusted her secondary educational system to encompass diversified curriculum that integrates academic with technical and vocational subject intended to empower the individual for self-employment (Igwe 2000). According to the National Policy on Education 1981; 2004, the broad aims and objectives of secondary education in Nigerian educational system are preparation for useful living within the society (self-employment) and preparation for higher education. (The area that concerns this study is the first objective – preparation for self-employment).

However, more than two and half decades after adoption of the laudable initiative, majority of Nigerian youth are idle and some are involved in various vices due to unemployment. They do not have the required skills to either fit into many types of jobs that are available or create jobs (Igwe 2007). It is no longer news that the nation’s youth unemployment rate has been shooting up the sky. The federal government recently acknowledged that about 80 per cent of Nigeria’s youth are unemployed and 10 per cent underemployed. And the Minister of Education, Sam Egwu, recently noted that the poor quality of graduates is worrisome. The major policy speeches of President Yar’Ardua these days revolve around his aspiration of transforming Nigeria into one of the first 20 largest global economies by the year 2020. This vision cannot be achieved without youth empowerment for job creation and wealth generation. Adekoya (1999) claimed that for the Nigerian youth to be empowered economically they should be given the necessary skill acquisition and for this to be done the curriculum should be effectively implemented. Oli (2000) believed that to ensure a positive future for Nigeria, the youth who are believed to be the future leaders of the country ought to be well equipped with basic skills to drive the economy. Curriculum is a vehicle through which education is attained (Offorma 2005). The secondary school curriculum as presently implemented is far from achieving the goals of secondary educational system (Obanya 2004a). Several authors have noted that the National Policy on Education was well structured and the contents were adequately defined but the implementation calls for question (Babafemi 2007; Dike 2009). Investigation gathered shows that students’ potentials are not properly channeled as schools lack basic infrastructural facilities necessary for effective curriculum implementation, there are inadequate specialist teachers, and where available, focus more on theoretical aspect leaving out the practical component. This situation calls for a critical appraisal of the mode of implementation of Nigerian secondary school curriculum in order to identify the root cause of the problem as well as gaps needed for reformation. This study is timely and useful in providing the much needed empirical data that will assist the Federal Government of Nigeria through its curriculum development agency, Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC), to gauge the level of success of current implementation and be better able to plan towards an implementation that will instill basic skills in Nigerian youth to ensure their socio-economic empowerment.

1.2 Statement of Problem

A good number of students who have completed their secondary education but do not wish to continue with higher education are in dilemma. This is because they are not well equipped with necessary skills to empower themselves. The training acquired at the end of secondary education seems inadequate to make the school leavers competent and self-reliant, hence cannot contribute to nation building. If the Nigerian society is not to be plagued by a breed of unemployable youth who cannot raise the economic productivity of the country, it is desirable that a lasting solution be provided. Thus, this study was designed to fill this gap.

1.3 Purpose of Study

The overall aim of the investigation was to assess how the curriculum was implemented in Nigerian secondary schools with a view to identifying the root cause of the problem as well as the underlying factors that might account for disparity, if any, on curriculum implementation.

Specifically, the objectives were to:

1. determine the appropriateness of the Nigeria secondary education curriculum in terms of the goals, content, method, in meeting the philosophy of Nigeria secondary educational system.
2. find out type of teaching method used in implementing the curriculum in Nigerian secondary schools.
3. determine number of skill-based subjects taught in Nigerian secondary schools.
4. assess infrastructural facilities available in Nigerian secondary schools.
5. assess availability of specialist teachers in Nigerian secondary schools.
6. identify practical (entrepreneurial) skills students have learnt in school with which they can create self-employment
7. identify students’ entrepreneurial capability i.e. products and services students have successfully produced/ marketed
8. determine the effect of school location on the mode of curriculum implementation.
9. find out if school type has effect on the mode of curriculum implementation.

1.4 Significance of Study

This study is significant in many ways. Most importantly, it will sensitize policy makers, educational administrators, and curriculum planners on the need to plan towards effective curriculum implementation in Nigerian secondary schools. This will go a long way in minimizing the rate of unemployment among secondary school leavers thereby making them well adjusted individuals who will raise the economic productivity of the country. Also, the result of the study will contribute to policy formulation and practices, as inspectors from Federal and State Ministries of Education will be sensitized on what to look out for during inspection. On a wider scale, African countries will benefit from the study because its findings and recommendations will provide point of reference. Above all, the Federal and state Ministries of Education as well as the Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC) will find the result of this study valuable particularly in the current government effort towards implementation of the new 9-year Basic Education Curriculum.

1.5 Research Questions

1. How appropriate is the present Nigeria secondary education curriculum in terms of the goals, content, method, in meeting the philosophy of Nigerian secondary education system?
2. What type of teaching method is used in implementing the curriculum in Nigerian secondary schools?
3. How many skill-based subjects are taught in Nigerian secondary schools?
4. What are the infrastructural facilities available in Nigerian secondary schools?
5. What is the proportion of specialist teachers available in Nigerian secondary schools?
6. What practical (entrepreneurial) skills have students learnt in school with which they can create self-employment?
7. What products and services have students produced /marketed on their own?
8. What is the effect of school location on the mode of curriculum implementation?
9. What is the effect of school type on the mode of curriculum implementation?

1.6 Scope of Study

Nigeria is a large country with a lot of geographical differences. There are six geopolitical zones in Nigeria each constituting several states. To ensure national coverage, three out of the six geopolitical zones were purposely selected for the study, namely; North Central, South East and South West. One state was randomly selected from each zone. A total of twelve secondary schools comprising both public and private were drawn across the three states /zones. This was considered adequate and sufficiently representative to make tentative generalization.

1.7 Operational Definition of Terms and Variables

Critical – In this study, it means to point out fault constructively.

Appraisal – Hornby (2000) refers to it as assessment of the value or quality of something. In thisstudy, it refers to assessment of how the Nigerian secondary school curriculum is implemented.

Mode – Hornby (2000) refers to it as ‘way and manner in which something is done’. In this study,

Hornby’s definition is adopted. i.e. way and manner Nigerian secondary school curriculum is implemented.

Implementation – Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary refers to it as putting into effect a plan already mapped out. Obanya (2004) defined implementation of curriculum as day-to-day activities which school management and classroom teachers undertake in the pursuit of the objective of any given curriculum. In this study, it means processes involved in translating educational plan into action to bring about change in the learner as they acquire the planned experiences, skills, and knowledge that are aimed at enabling the learner function effectively in the society. In this regard, implementation is seen as both the means and the means to an end.

Curriculum – According to Obanya (2004a), curriculum is the total package of what is to be taught or learnt. He describes it as a process of translating national educational objectives into‘ within-school do-ables’. Offorma (2005) sees curriculum as the planned learning experiences offered to the learner in the school. In this study, it refers to vocational and technical subjects outlined in the National Curriculum for Secondary Schools manual as part of subjects for secondary education.

Skill-based subjects – As used in this study, these are practically-oriented subjects that are designed to teach students skills which will empower them for job creation and self-reliance. The subjects in this category fall under the vocational and technical field. Skill-based means the same as practical-based and they are used interchangeably in this study. For purpose of this study, subjects in the vocational field include Home Economics, Fine Art, Music, Typing and Shorthand, Art and Craft, Clothing and Textile, Food & Nutrition, Home Management. While technical subjects include Introductory Technology, Woodwork, Carpentry, Technical Drawing, Metal Work, Agriculture Science, Computer Science, Auto Mechanic, Building Construction, Applied Electricity, Theory-based – As used in the study, it means knowledge that is purely descriptive and devoid of reference to purposeful action.

Practical-based – knowledge that deals with skills involving muscular dexterity and coordination of mind and muscle (Aina 2009)

Socio-economic empowerment – It is used in this study to refer to ability of youth to organize their finances, trade and industry for sustainable national development.

Youth – World Health Organization (WHO) defines youth as young people between the ages of 15-24 years. In this study, youth refers to young people between 10-24 years of age.

Specialist teachers – These are teachers trained in the vocational and technical field

Learner – It is used in this study to refer to secondary school students.

Infrastructural facilities – These refer to workshop rooms, equipments, and tools needed for practical work in the skill-based subjects.

Entrepreneurial skills – Skills that will enable individual create employment or start up business.

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