TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Approval Page iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of Contents vi
Abstract ix
CHAPTERONE–INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 5
1.3 Objective of theStudy 9
1.4 Research Questions 9
1.5 Research Hypothesis 9
1.6 Significance of the Study 10
1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study 10
CHAPTERTWO–REVIEW OFRELATEDLITERATURE
2.1 The Concept of Terrorism 11
2.2 Concept of Security 12
2.3 Concept of foreign policy 13
8
2.4 Terrorism in Africa 14
2.5 Causes of terrorism in Nigeria 15
2.6 The rise of terrorism inNigeria1999-2015 17
2.7 Terrorism and Global Security 18
2.8 Global Responses to Terrorism 24
2.9 Indicators of fail state and terrorism 26
2.10 Understanding terrorism and BokoHaram insurgency 30
2.11 Nigeria’s global terrorism Profile 34
2.12 Contextualizingterrorism andBokoHaram insurgency
inNigeria 38
CHAPTERTHREE–THEORETICALFRAMEWORK
3.1 TheoreticalFramework 48
3.2 ResearchDesign 49
3.3 MethodofDataCollection 50
3.4 MethodofDataAnalysis 51
CHAPTERFOUR–DATAPRESENTATIONANDANALYSIS,
TESTINGOFHYPOTHESISANDRESULTS
OFTHESTUDY
4.1 ImplicationsofTerrorism forGlobalSecurity 53
4.2 NegativeimpactofTerrorism andGlobalonNigerian
ForeignPolicy 54
4.3 HumanitarianconsequencesofBokoHaram Insurgency 58
CHAPTERFIVE–SUMMARYOFFINDINGS,CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
9
5.1 Summary 64
5.2 Finding 64
5.3 Conclusion 65
5.4 Recommendations 66
REFERENCES 68
Abstract
This study examined BokoHaram insurgency and national security, 2002-
2017. The study was necessitated on the premise that terrorism has
affected lives all over the world and has resulted in negating world peace at
an alarming rate.Theobjectivesofthestudyweretoexaminewhetherthe
incidenceofterrorism hasimpactedonnationalsecurity;andtoascertain
theeffectsofterrorism onNigeriansforeignpolicy.Secondarydatawas
used and the Marxian politicaleconomy theory formed a basis of
theoreticalanalysis.Theexposefactoresearchdesignwasadoptedand
datawasanalyzedusingthequantitativedescriptivemethod.Thefindings
oftheresearchprovedthatnonationcanguaranteeabsolutesecuritytoits
citizens withoutcollaboration with the largerinternationalcommunity;
terrorism isanactofviolenceandviolenceisacontinuationofpoliticsby
othermeans.Thestudyrecommendsacontinuouscapacitybuildingfor
intelligenceandsecurityoperativesandagencies;andtheinitiationof
counterterroristmeasurestopreventattacksfrom terrorists.
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CHAPTERONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BackgroundtotheStudy
The21stcenturyhaswitnessedunforeseeneventswhichhavealtered
thecourseofhistory.Besidesthetechnologicaladvancements,thebiggest
changeundoubtedlyhasbeentheemergenceofterrorism asoneofthe
biggestglobalthreats.Terrorism hasbeeninsidiouslyaffectinglivesall
overtheworldandhasresultedinspoilingtheworldpeaceatanalarming
rate.MayitbeasuperpowerlikeUnitedStatesofAmericaoradeveloping
countrylikeIndia,terrorism continuestospreaditsrootswithnoconcrete
solution.Ithasnotonlydebilitatednationalsecuritybuthasalso led
countriesintoasituationofanarchy.
Terrorism isamethod,whichcanbeusedbyanypersonorgroupand
foranykindofmotive.Asaform ofviolence,terrorism tellsuslittleabout
thepeoplewhoemployit,nordoesthetacticitselfexplainwhyitisbeing
used.Beforeembarkingonamoredetailedanalysisandprojectionof
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trends,itis therefore worth remembering thatlumping togetherand
prescribing standardized solutionsforvastlydifferentviolentconflicts
basedmerelyontacticalsimilarity,thatis,theuseof‘terroristic’means
doesnotleadtovalidpredictions.AsBrianJenkinsputit,terrorism is
merelythe‘thincrustatopaverydeeppie’Jenkins(2005),anditcannot
thereforebeunderstoodwithoutreferencetothespecificpoliticaland
societalconditionsinwhichitoccurs.Anyattempttoderivewide-ranging
insightsaboutthecausesandpossiblesolutionsforparticularviolent
conflictsbasedsolelyontheir‘terroristic’manifestationsmustfail.
Terrorism andglobalsecurityhavebecomesignificantcontentionin
shapingforeignpolicyofnationsacrosstheglobe.Recentliteratureshave
revealedthatsuchissuesas,social,economic,politicalandtechnological
factorsthatrevolvearoundthehubofglobalsecuritymattershavebeen
seriouslyunderminedbycancerousactsofterrorism.Thisisbecause
terrorism inwhicheverform,posesanalarmingkindofviolenceandthreat
inthecontemporaryworld,whichconstitutesgreathindrancetofreeflow
relationshipthatexistamongstnations.InNigeriaforinstance,thecause
ofterrorism rangesfrom religiousextremism,perceivedoppressionand
nationalistseparatistorethnicconsiderationsthatnodoubthavegreatly
impactedontheNigerianforeignpolicy.
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Apartfrom the challenges ofpoverty,sectarian,economic and
politicalcrises,andNigerDeltaMilitancy,Nigeriaiscurrentlyfacinga
deeperandprofoundchallengeofterrorism,especiallyintheNorth-Eastern
region ofthecountry.In thepasttwo years,wehavewitnessed the
vulnerabilityoftheNigerianstatetoterror,criminalityandinstability.The
listofthesedishearteningphenomenaincludesbutisnotlimitedtothe
bombing ofseveralChurches,Mosques,Police Stations,Schools and
PrisonsinBauchi,Bornu,YobeandAdamawastates.Otherpartsofthe
countrywerenotspared,asthesect-bombingactivitieswerewitnessedin
theFederalcapitalterritory,Abuja,Plateau,KadunaandKanostates.The
bombing ofthe United Nations office in Abuja is perhaps whatthe
insurgentsusedtogainglobalrecognition;astheyarenowlistedamongst
terroristorganizationsbytheUnitedStatesanditsallies,(formoredetails
seeTheEconomist,September3,2011).
Availablestatisticsonthenumberofdeathsandpropertylostto
BokoHaram insurgencybetween2002and2013tosaytheleastishighly
controversial.AccordingtotheEconomist,September3,2011over10,000
people(includingwomenandchildren)havebeenkilledandpropertyworth
over100milliondollarshavebeendestroyedduringtheperiodunder
discussion(culledfrom interview ofvictimsofBokoHaram attacksin
13
Abuja,NorthCentral,NorthEastandNorthWestregionsofthecountry).
However,officialreportsputthedeathtollat8,000plusandproperty
destroyedat40milliondollars(culledfrom theinterview ofgovernment
officialsinAbuja,Yobe,Kaduna,PlateauandAdamawastates).
Government’sresponsetotheviciousattacksofBokoHaram has
beenadiversemixofhopeandtrepidation.Hopeliesinthefactthata
stateofemergencyhasbeendeclaredin(AdamawaState,BornoStateand
YobeStates)inhabitedbytheinsurgentgroup.Apartfrom thateachtime
thePoliceandothersecurityorganizationsresponsibleforinternalsecurity
seem tobeoverwhelmedbytheinsurgents,thearmyisusuallybroughtin
to force them to retreat.Trepidation arises from the ability ofthe
insurgentstoregroupandstrikeevenwiththeimposedstateofemergency.
Thecountry’svulnerabilitytoincessantattacksfrom armedinsurgents
posesagreatsecuritychallenge.AccordingtotheMinisterofinformation,
LabaranMaku,thecountryspends27%ofitsbudgetoninternalsecurity
alone.Theseareresourcesthatcouldhavebeenusedtorehabilitatethe
country’sdeplorableinfrastructure(Reviewof2013byChannelsTelevision).
FollowingthedeclarationofstateofemergencyinAdamawa,Borno
andYobestates,governmenttroopshavelaunchedsustainedoffensive
againsttheinsurgentgroup,butthishasnotyieldedthedesiredresults.
14
Mostrecently,theAirforcebaseandArmypostinMaiduguriwereattacked
byBokoHaram insurgents.Accordingtoanofficialreport,“twohelicopters
andthreeout-ofserviceplanesweredestroyed”.“Twomilitarypersonnel
wereinjuredand24militantskilled”.However,witnessesaccountculled
from socialmediaclaimedthatover100persons,includingcivilianswere
killed.
Inresponsetotheattack,theGovernmentimposeda24-hourcurfewin
thetownofYobestates.Thattheinsurgentgroupisabletolaunchattacks
onmilitaryinstallationsandotherpublicinstitutionsevenwhenthestateof
emergencyisstillinplace,raisesquestionsabouttheeffectivenessofthe
government’scounter-offensivepolicy.Thisiswhathasinstigatedthis
investigation.Itisinthelightoftheabove,thatthisstudyattemptsto
investigateterrorism anditsimpactonthe21stcenturyacasestudyof
BokoHaram insurgencyinNigeria.
1.2StatementofProblem
Terrorism,arguably,isthebiggestthreattoglobalpeaceandstability
in the contemporary times.Since the dawn ofthis millennium,the
incidenceoftheterrorism hasbeenonasteadyriseworldwide.Hitherto,
terrorism wasmoreorlessanationalorregionalaffair.Ithasbeen
observedthatpartofthedifficultyinconstructingauniversallyaccepted
definitionofterrorism isaconsequenceoftheexistenceoforganizations
andleadersthatwereformallybrandedasterroristbuteventuallyevolved
into acceptable leadersofgovernments.Thisisthe case with some
liberationmovementsthatfoughtcolonialism orisstillfightingoppressive
regimeswithintheirowncountriesasalastresort.Anexampleofthisis
JomoKenyatta’sMauMauandNelsonMandela’sAfricaNationalCongress.
Interestingly,Mandela(Africa’sForemostNationalistLeader)wroteinhis
autobiographythat“50yearsofnon-violencebroughthispeoplenothing,
butmorerepressivelegislationandfewerrights”Mandela(1994).
The United States DepartmentofDefense defined terrorism as the
calculated use ofunlawfulviolence orthreatofunlawfulviolence to
inculcatefearintendedtocoerceortointimidateeithercitizens,societies,
oreventhegovernmentinthepursuitofgoalsthataregenerallypolitical,
religiousorideological.
Bethatasitmay,whatwediscoveredfrom theabovedefinitionand
interpretationofterrorism arethreekeyelementsthatappearinmost
definitions.Theyare(1)aviolencemeans,(2)aimedattriggeringpolitical
change,(3)byaffectingalargeraudiencethanitsimmediatetarget.
Internationalterrorism,whichisterrorism thattranscendsnational
borders,isthereforebothanactionandreactiontorepression,desperation
16
and hopeless situations.The actions and reactions take on political,
economic,social,ideological,psychological,emotionalandreligiousfervor
(Mukwaya2004).Terrorism isthereforeapolitically,economicallyand
religiously motivated violence directed against non-combatants and
designedtoinstillfearinatargetaudience.Itisanactthatinfluencesan
audiencebeyondtheimmediatevictim.Terrorism aswepreviouslysaidis
notanew phenomenon;itisdeeplyembeddedinhistory.A peepinto
historyrecordsthat,terrorism hasbeenoneofthestarkestexpressionsof
rejectionofauthority.Terrorism eatsawaythesocio-politicalfabricof
manystates,underminesdemocracy,providesarationalforagovernment
todelaydemocraticreformsandcanincreasetensionamongstates.The
resultisoftenimpressionthattheworld isinastateofchaos,and
internationalorderandauthorityarecollapsing(Viotti&Kauppi,2009).
Terrorism hasbeenanoldscourgetohumankindfrom timepast,
and forthe pastthree decades,terroristactivitiesin the world have
increasedtoanalarmingrate.Forinstance,sincethe1970s,international
terrorism sponsoredbystatesandnon-stateactors,hasevolvedintoan
insidioustrend thatoftenhurtcivilianpopulations.Oftenused bythe
relatively powerless againstthe powerful,terrorists operate basically
17
throughsurprise(Mingst,1999).
From thebombingoftheembassiesoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica
inKenyaandTanzaniain1988,totheSeptember11,2001worldtrade
centrebombingsinNewYork,theMumbaiattacksinIndia,thekillingofthe
AmericanAmbassadorinLibyaandtheBokoHaram attacksinNigeria,the
storyremainsthesame.Terroristattackshavecontinuedtocauselossof
livesandproperty.AccordingtoKegley(2007),terrorism posesanalarming
kindofcontemporaryviolence.
Therearedifferentmechanismsandglobalpoliciescurrentlyinuse
for fighting terrorism.These ranges from peacefuland diplomatic
negotiations,makingsecretconcessions,pacification,theuseofeconomic
sanctionsanduseofmilitaryforceinsomecases.Asaresultofthe
growing sophistication of terrorist networks and the havoc such
clandestinegroupsposetosociety,theuseofmilitaryforceisbecominga
preferredalternativeapproachinthestruggleagainstterrorism.Thisof
coursehascontinuedtoelicitresponsesandcriticismsfrom policyand
legalanalysts.Mostofsuchcriticismsmakereferencetotheprosecution
ofwhatiscurrentlytermedasthe“waronterror”asexemplifiedinIraqand
Afghanistan.TheinvasionofIraq,whichledtothedeathofPresident
18
Saddam Hussein,andthefightagainsttheTalibaninAfghanistanhaveled
tothedeathofmanycombatantsandinnocentcivilians,coupledwiththe
destructionofpropertiesworthbillionsofdollars.
Whereinformationgapexistsorispoorlyhandled,liketheIraq’s
chemicalweapons detection blunder,military operation may lead to
collateraldamagesthatcouldimpingeoninternationallaw.Justfewyears
ago,terrorism seemedtoberestrictedtoafew isolatedplaces,suchas
NorthernIreland,theBasqueCountryinNorthernSpain,andsomeareasof
theMiddleEast.Now -especiallysinceSeptember11,2001,withthe
destructionoftheTwinTowersinNew York-worldwidephenomenon
(June,2006:4).
Indeed,theworldwidemanifestationofterrorism hasbeenevidentin
Africa,butalso in Nigeria.With particularreference to Nigeria,the
phenomenonhasfound expressionintheemergenceofBoko Haram
insurgency(2001-date).Sinceitsadvent,thesectarianinsurgencyhas
wreckedimmensehavocinthecountry,especiallyby“usingexplosivesand
firearmswithgruesome,fatal”consequences(AwakeJune,2006:6).To
address this,the study attempts to investigate Terrorism and its
implicationonglobalsecurityin21stcentury.
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1.3ObjectivesoftheStudy
The broad objective of the study is to examine Boko Haram
insurgency and nationalsecurity,2002-2017.However,the specific
objectives are:
1.Toexaminewhethertheincidenceofterrorism has impacted on national
security.
2.Toascertaintheeffectsofterrorism onNigeriansforeignpolicy.
3.ToevaluatethehumanitarianconsequencesofBokoHaram Insurgency
1.4Research Questions
1. Doestheincidenceofterrorism impactonnationalsecurity?
2. Whateffectsdoesterrorism poseonNigerianforeignpolicy?
3. WhatarethehumanitarianconsequencesofBokoHaram insurgency
inNigeria?
1.5Research Hypotheses
The following hypotheses are stated to tackle the objectives ofthe
research
20
1.Terrorism hasimpactednegativelyonnationalsecurity.
2.Terrorism hasnegatedtheeffectivenessofNigerianforeignpolicy.
3.BokoHaram Insurgencytriggershumanitarianconsequences.
1.6 Significance of the Study
Thisstudyhasboththeoreticalandpracticalsignificance.Thetheoretical
significanceisthatitwillfillthegapinknowledgeaswellasaddto
knowledgeofvariousscholarsandresearchersinthefieldofpolitical
science,economics,sociology,historyetc.
Thepracticalsignificanceofthisstudyisbasicallytoassistthesocietyand
aidpolicymakersinprovidingmeans,strategiesandmeasuresoftackling
andhandlingtheterroristactivities.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
Theconstraintsencounteredduringthisprojectresearchwerethe
combiningofmycourseworkaswellaswritingthisresearchatthesame.
Theperiodoftimegivenfortheresearchwasnotenoughforaproper
researchpurpose.Iwasunabletoaccesssomegovernmentofficesand
restrictedfrom accessingsomejournalsandfiles.Financialunavailability
equallyhinderedthequalityofthisstudy.However,despitetheconstraints,
theresearcherwasabletocarryoutthisstudytoconclusion
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