Table of Contents
Cover Page…………………………………………………………………………………. i
Title Page……………………………………………………………………………………. ii
Approval Page………………………………………………………………………………… iii
Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………… iv
Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………….. v
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………. vi
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………… vii
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction
1:1 Background to the study…………………………………………………… 1
1:2 Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………. 5
1:3 Purpose of the Study………………………………………………………….. 6
1:4 Research Question……………………………………………………………. 7
1:5 Research Hypotheses…………………………………………………………. 7
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1:6 Scope of the Study………………………………………………………………….. 7
1:7 Significance of the Study…………………………………………………………. 8
1:8 Definitions of Terms………………………………………………………………….. 8
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review
2:1 Sources of Literature……………………………………………………………….. 10
2:2 Review of Relevant Literature…………………………………………………. 10
2:3 Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………………… 35
2:4 Summary of Literature………………………………………………………………. 38
CHAPTER THREE: Methodology
3:1 Research Design………………………………………………………………………. 39
3:2 Area of Study………………………………………………………………………….. 40
3:3 Population of the Study…………………………………………………………….. 41
3:4 Research Sample Size/Sampling Technique………………………………… 41
3:5 Instrument used for Data Collection…………………………………………….. 43
3:6 Validity of the Instrument………………………………………………………….. 44
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3:7 Method of Data Collection…………………………………………………………… 44
3:8 Method of Data Analysis……………………………………………………………… 44
CHAPTER FOUR: Presentation and Analysis of Data
4:1 Data Presentation and Analysis…………………………………………………… 46
4:2 Testing of Hypotheses………………………………………………………………… 61
4:3 Discussions on Findings……………………………………………………………… 65
CHAPTER FIVE: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
5:1 Summary…………………………………………………………………………………….. 66
5:2 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………… 68
5:3 Recommendations………………………………………………………………………… 70
5:4 Suggestions for Further Studies……………………………………………………… 71
References…………………………………………………………………………………… 72
Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………….. 78
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Abstract
Cartoons have more recently become a prominent feature in newspapers. An increasing number of publishers and editors have realised its relevance and are beginning to exploit its full potentials. Despite its usefulness and popularity which is assuming a viral dimension in many media houses, one wonders, as replete and common place as these cartoons are in newspapers, do they command the attention, let alone the readership of the reading audience? Hence, this researcher sought to know the pattern and trend of: Audience perception of The Punch newspaper cartoons: using Caritas University as a study. Employing the survey research method, enabled by administering self administered questionnaires, this study found out that newspaper readership and newspaper cartoon readership is generally high among Caritas respondents. Six out of every ten lecturers read cartoons on a daily basis, while two out of every ten students read cartoons every day. Cartoon readership decreased as student readers got older. Among the lecturers, readership of cartoons increased with age contrary to findings among students. With the humour and the inherent message being the major reasons why readers read cartoons, it is clear that cartoons are not seen as mere pieces of drawing to make readers laugh, rather it leaves a trail of telltale message in its wake. Even though this study revealed that cartoons are not essentially why people buy newspapers, many newspaper readers do not consider their reading experience complete without reading one or two cartoons. This, perhaps, explains why seven out of every twenty Caritas student reads The Punch newspaper and ten out of every twenty Caritas lecturer reads the same newspaper as revealed by the study. Going by the various findings of this study, more newspapers need to incorporate cartoons into their editorial menu, using it more strategically, appropriately and responsibly. Religion, ethnicity, tribalism, sectionalism and bigotry should be downplayed in cartoons and in fact avoided. The researcher equally lends his voice to the effect that cartoonists should steer clear of issues that can cause libel because libel costs millions.
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Chapter One
Introduction
1:1 Background of the Study
Communication being a mandatory factor for interaction and correlation, stipulates the need to communicate with individuals in a contemporary civilization which is a basic requirement for survival, just as food, clothing, shelter e.t.c. are essential for human existence.
Communication, the most vital form of human interaction, is absolutely necessary for any enduring human relationship, be it interpersonal or international. Groups, institutions, organizations and nations exist by virtue of communication and cease to exist once communication is totally interfered with.
Communication therefore, is the livewire of any society and the world at large. It stipulates the paramount factor of unification due to the fact that a society that is kept in-communicado is a dead one. Indeed, communication is the fulcrum of social intercourse and the mirror through which society sees itself.
Cooley in Daramola (2003:1) asserts that ―communication is the mechanism through which human relationship exist and develops‖. It is through effective communication that every part of the society is accessed and social and institutional changes effected.
Communication is, undisputedly the carrier of social system. It shapes people and people shape it. Proper and effective communication provides useful information that enables people make informed decisions and well executed actions.
In compliance to dissemination of information and communicating effectively are journalists. Journalists who are professionals trained for the collection, processing, correlation and dissemination of information, are powerful gatekeepers and actors whose work sustain a society. The print media journalist through their news stories, editorials and opinions contained in newspapers and magazines, not only set the agenda for public discourse, but also reflect the environment.
Casmus in Abdulsalaam (1987:49) has said ―a newspaper is a nations conscience‖.
Akinfeleye (2003:18) observes that journalists are ―public servants informing members of the public on issues of public interest‖.
Essentially, they are the watchdogs who keep watch on the institutions of the society. They are, therefore expected to inform and educate the people and also create a forum which affords people the opportunity to examine and consider all sides there are to an issue.
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Modern newspaper tends to carry many light and sensitive materials including articles written in a light mood. This feature fulfils the entertainment function of a newspaper. Among the light content is the cartoon.
According to Ahuja and chhabra (2002:22-23), cartoons are one of the light materials used by newspaper houses to lighten the mood of their readers as they (cartoons) have become an integral and common feature of most newspapers, if not all. In the words of Ahuja and Chhabra, ―even the most serious newspapers and magazines nowadays are expected to carry strip cartoons or topical comics here and there. It is one thing on which most of the newspapers seem to be agreed as it makes for the continued popularity of such newspaper…… and offers a welcome change from the cares, anxieties and worries of everyday life‖.
Rivers et al (1977:20-21), said that as an ―entertainment tool, cartoons provide respite for the individual which, perhaps encourages him to continuously indulge himself with such palliative media messages‖. Regardless of the escape they provide from the supposed ‗dreary‘ and ‗boredom‘ of reading straight news, features, commentaries and opinions, they are also a rich source of humour, satire, innuendos and parody, often used to condemn, commend, and generally pass across salient and trivial messages.
In most cases, rather than real pictures, cartoons are used to illustrate stories, events, occurrences and happenings. They also lend some aesthetic value to the overall design of a newspaper or magazine. In fact, cartoonists are known to make a decent living from cartoon drawings, just as more print media houses are beginning to appreciate the value of cartoons and devoting more newspaper space to it.
According to the Longman‘s Contemporary English Dictionary, cartoons are funny drawings in newspapers, often including humorous cartoons. The Oxford Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary describes a cartoon as an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine, especially one about politics or events in the news.
According to Obasi (2011:149), cartoon is a drawing or series of drawings that tells a story or expresses a message. It can be a type of drawing, usually intended to be amusing used in newspapers, magazines and books.
Pictures are said to be worth a thousand words according to a Chinese saying, and as cartoons happen to be funny pictorial representations of real events and/or characters, this saying also applies to them. This is so because pictures are able to depict more clearly things that have to be explained in so many words. Apart from newspapers, cartoons are also used in magazines, journals, books as well as television programmes where they are animated and made to seem as if they are moving.
Newspaper cartoons have, however been employed as a tool for editorializing i.e. passing across the organization‘s view on pertinent public or national issues. They have been used to
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accompany stories to illustrate what is written. Cartoons help sensitize people against social vices, thus facilitating positive human interaction, yet bearing in mind the entertainment function they are designed to serve.
Cartoons have proved to be very indispensable because while some individuals may not be literate enough to read and adequately understand the message contained in news stories, they are still able to have an understanding of cartoons and the recognition of the subject in such cartoons.
Boss Tweed, an American politician, unwittingly underscored the importance of cartoons when he was quoted in ‗last laugh‘ (Campbel et al 2000:35), to have said back in 1871 ―stop the damn pictures, I don‘t care for your newspaper articles, my constituents can‘t read them, but they can‘t help seeing them damn pictures‖, when cartoonist Thomas Nast published satirical cartoons about his political activities. It can be said with some measures of certainty that reading and understanding cartoons might not be a problem in an academic community such as Caritas University Amorji-Nike, Enugu among lecturers and students. Therefore, it becomes pertinent at this point to do a profiling on the object of study.
Caritas University
Caritas University is a private catholic university, the second of its kind in the West African Sub- Region, after Madonna University Okija. By the grace of God this is the second private university to be approved by the Federal Government of Nigeria and officially opened in 2005.
Caritas is the property of the Sisters of Jesus the Saviour, a religious congregation of sisters founded by Very Rev. Fr. Prof. Emmanuel M. P. Edeh Cssp.
Being a fast rising private catholic University, enrolment in the university has now grown to over 3,052 students presently in the University and a total academic staff of 206.
The University comprises of four faculties. The faculties offer a total of 27 programmes in Engineering, Natural Sciences, Environmental Sciences, and Management and Social Sciences.
Inspiration and Spirit of Foundation
Caritas University was brought into being by the admirable efforts of the afore-mentioned Very Rev. Fr. Prof. Emmanuel M.P. Edeh Cssp, of the Holy Ghost Congregation, Nigeria Province.
Greatly distressed at the miserable state of education and morals in Nigerian society especially in schools, Fr. Edeh prayed and sought any laudable means of doing something about it no matter how small. In this he sought to rescue some of our wandering teeming youth
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population from further slide into academic and moral decay. This desire was to find its concrete realization in the establishment of many primary and secondary schools and four tertiary institutions, the Osisatech Polytechnic Enugu, Osisatech College of Education Enugu, Madonna University Okija, and finally, the present Caritas University at Amorji-Nike Emene, Enugu State.
In all these institutions Fr. Edeh sought to combine provisions of holistic education at affordable cost to the benefit of all both rich and poor, with sound moral formation or character building without which any form of education can be turned into a formidable instrument of destruction of the human person.
The University Motto
The University Motto is ―Love for Education and Morals‖. This dictum is not meant to be a mere paper proclamation of good intentions but a guiding philosophy of its entire University life. Its practical implications are to be built into the University academic, moral, spiritual, socio-economic and political life. Every aspect of life in the university must breathe this flavour.
The Ultimate Goal of Caritas University
To give efficacy to its motto and its philosophy of education, Caritas embraces not only sound education for professional skills and competencies in various fields but also maintains strict discipline. By discipline we mean the training of the mind, body, soul and spirit to obedience and self-control. The students must not only be intellectually and professionally prepared for different task and roles in the world, they must also be morally equipped to face the world itself with all its tensions, conflicts, challenges and contradictions. They must be prepared well for healthy competitions in the labour market and come out victorious. They must also be adequately prepared to face the attractions of evil in all its forms and come out winners.
Before undertaking an even more critical look at the roles cartoons play in a democratic society which will be undertaken in chapter two, it is necessary to examine the statement of the problem in focus.
1:2 Statement of the Problem
True, many newspapers are replete with burlesque representations in the form of cartoons which are used to pass across various messages, these cartoons to some people help lighten the mood from stress when going through these newspaper cartoons, giving them a sense of humour and freedom laughing through these caricatures.
Regardless of the readership of newspaper cartoons, specifically in Caritas University which triggers a sense of reasoning as to what truly motivates the readership of newspaper cartoons among lecturers and students of Caritas University; probably the readership of newspaper cartoons by lecturers and students help motivate the buying of newspapers. Also, educational advancement on the part of lecturers and students might aid a better understanding of newspaper cartoons and probably the effects of gender on newspaper cartoon readership understanding, also pertaining to the social classification of individuals this research tends to find out if demographic factors have an effects on the understanding of newspaper cartoons on lecturers and students of Caritas University.
These problems and many more are what this research work tends to find out in the course of research, using Caritas University as population.
Also, cartoons tend to be perceived by many newspaper readers from an entertainment-laden perspective, sometimes considered by intellectuals to be for the simple minded and less intelligent, but ‗inappropriate‘ for more serious minded people. Williams Stephenson lends credence to this claim in his ‗Play Theory‘ of mass communication when he posited that many people use media messages more for pleasure and relaxation than for information and improvement.
Hence, Aina (2003) states that ―it is not surprising that some people view only musicals and drama on television, while also concentrating on fashion and comics in newspapers and magazines‖. This study therefore, sought to find out what other values people sought from reading cartoons other than the entertainment value and if lecturers and students considers cartoons to be for the simple minded? In all, this research work studied the psycho-sociological attributes affecting readership patterns of newspaper cartoons; how individual differences and social categories affected the readership patterns of newspaper cartoons.
1:3 Objective of the Study
1. To find out whether newspaper cartoons are read, by lecturers and students of Caritas University.
2. To find out what other value outside humour that newspaper cartoons provide.
3. To assess how demographic factors affect cartoon readership.
4. To find out whether cartoon messages are understood.
1:4 Research Questions
In order to achieve the specific objectives of this study, the following questions guided this study:
1. To what extent do Caritas University lecturers and students read the Punch newspaper cartoons?
2. What other values do newspaper cartoons give readers outside humour?
3. To what extent is reading of cartoons one of reader‘s motivations for buying newspapers?
4. To what extent do readers of cartoons understand the messages?
5. To what extent do demographic factors such as age and sex have any sort of influence on newspaper cartoon readership?
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1:5 Hypotheses
H1: Demographical factors influence the readership patterns of the Punch newspaper cartoons.
H2: The Punch newspaper cartoons are motivational factors for the buying of newspapers in Caritas University.
1:6 Scope of the Study
For the purpose of adopting this research work into context, Caritas University lecturers and students were chosen as the case in study, using sampling methods of two types namely, cluster sampling and simple random sampling. Caritas University which is made up of four (4) faculties and twenty-seven (27) departments, out of which two (2) faculties were randomly selected and ten (10) departments from each of the two faculties were also randomly selected which summed up to twenty (20) departments. Consequently, thirty (30) students from each of the ten (10) departments were randomly selected which made three hundred (300) students.
Also, six (6) lecturers from each of the ten (10) departments were randomly selected which made a total of sixty (60) lecturers. Thus, a total of three hundred and sixty (360) respondents were approximately questioned in total.
1:7 Significance of the Study
This study attempted to analyze the readership of newspaper cartoons among lecturers and students using Caritas University as the population with a view to providing insight, making it a valuable document especially for media practitioners, advertisers, other stake holders and researchers.
This study also examined the relevance of cartoons in newspapers viz-a-viz its readership by respondents, highlighting the trends and patterns in its readership pattern from a Caritas University perspective. Therefore, the significance of this study lies in the scholarship it offers, going a long way in extending the frontiers of knowledge in mass communication research.
1:8 Definitions of Terms
Operational definition
The following terms have been defined to aid the comprehension of this study.
NEWSPAPER: This is an unbounded publication that is published on a regular basis containing a variety of reading matters and if often supplemented with pictures.
CARTOONS: An amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine about events or happenings in the news.
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CARTOONIST: A person who draws cartoons.
READERS: Caritas University lecturers and students who read newspaper cartoons.
READERSHIP: The number and demographic attributes of Caritas University lecturers and students who read newspaper cartoons.
MESSAGE: The important moral, social, cultural or political idea that a cartoon is trying to communicate or portray.
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