ABSTRACT
This research was carried out to characterize the variety of the breast lesion seen during mammography at UNTH and to establish the age distribution of the lesion at the time of presentation.
This research is non descriptive study,222 secondary data was obtained from the patient request card and patient mammography result.
This result shows that benign tumour is more common in our locality and it sub classified into fibroadenoma, cyst, lipoma mastitis, and it is presented at age of 41-45.this shows that benign tumour is more common in early age than malignant tumour which is presented at the late age.
The above findings shows that variety of breast lesion is seen in our locality and all hand should be on deck to ensure that its incidence death rate is reduced.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page……………………………………………………………. i
Certification…………………………………………………………. ii
Dedication………………………………………………………….. iii
Acknowledgement………………………………………………… iv
Abstract…………………………………………………………….. v
Table of content…………………………………………………… vi
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction………………………………………………………… 1
1.1 Statement of problem………………………………………… 3
1.2 Purpose of the study…………………………………………. 3
1.3 Significant of the study……………………………………… 3
1.4 Scope of the study……………………………………………. 3
1.5 Literature Review………………………………………………. 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 The anatomy of the breast…………………………………… 9
2.1 Size and shape of the breast…………………………………. 9
2.2 Location of the breast………………………………………….. 9
2.3 Commonest site for breast lesions………………………….. 10
2.4 Clinical presentations of breast lesions……………………… 10
2.5 Benign breast lesions can be characterized ………………. 12
2.6 Malignant lesions can be characterized …………………. 16
2.7 Breast cancer seen in mammogram has the stages……… 18
2.8 Implications of breast screening program on mammogram.19
2.9 How it works………………………………………………………… 20
2.10 Criticisms of mammography…………………………………… 21
2.11 How ultrasound evaluate abnormal changes in mammography…………………………………………………………… 21
2.12 How magnetic resonance imaging evaluate abnormal changes in Mammography……………………………………….. 22
2.13 Indications for using MRI for screening…………………. 23
2.14 How computed tomography evaluate abnormal changes on mammogram…………………………………………………………… 23
2.15 The use of biopsy to evaluate abnormal change on mammography………………………………………………………… 24
2.16 There are two procedures during biopsy………………… 24
2.17 Breast biopsy with an ABBI (advanced Breast biopsy instrumentation)……………………………………………………… 25
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research design…………………………………………………… 27
3.1 Source of data……………………………………………………… 27
3.2 Sample size………………………………………………………… 27
3.3 Method of data collection………………………………………… 27
3.4 Data analysis……………………………………………………… 27
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0Data presentation and analysis ……………………………… 28
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion…………………………………………………………… 34
5.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………… 36
5.2 Recommendation…………………………………………………… 36
5.3 Limitation……………………………………………………………. 37
5.4 References…………………………………………………………… 38
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Cancer can be defined as an abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cell in any part of the body. Breast cancer is a cancer that affects the breast. The vast majority of breast cancer occurs in women, although man can develop breast cancer too but it is prognosis is rare. A breast tumuor is considered as benign if it is limited to a few cell layers and does not invade surrounding tissue or organs. When the tumour spread to the surrounding tissue or organs, it is considered as malignant1.
Cancer of the breast isthe commonest female malignancies in Nigeria 1,2,3,4. It is the leading cause of cancer related death5 and account for almost one in every five of all cancer related death among women6. There are widely used effective screening techniques that enhance early detection of breast cancer. These screening techniques include mammography, MRI, thermography and radionuclide imaging4.
Mammography though with its limitations has remained the best and most reliable procedure for early breast cancer detection,this is due to its availability and cost. Mammography is the soft tissue examination of the breast. The invention of these techniques has actually simulated application of other procedures to breast lesion detection.These screening techniques detect the early stage of breast cancer, thatpre-invasive stage, the symptom free stage, the carcinoma-in situ and the curable stage of breast cancer. Breast lesions are dreadful only when the detection and treatment is late3.
Radiographer and radiologist are expected to be familiar with the mammographic appearance of a variety of unusual breast lesions7. These lesions include systemic diseased e.g. collagen vascular disease, vasculitis, hyperparathyroidism, stectocystoma multiplex, rare benign tumor (e.g.fibromatosis, extra-abdominal desmoids tumour, granular cell tumour)hamartoma (Fibrroadenolipoma), phyllodetumour (cystosarcomaphyilodes), uncommon primary malignanttumors (e.g. lymphoma, sarcoma and carcinosarcoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma), and metastatic lesions.
The most common breast problems for which women and few men consult a physician are breast pain, nipple discharge and palpable mass8. Breast lesions seen in mammography include lumps,benign tumor, and malignant (metastasis) tumor.
Breast carcinoma is very dreadful disease, therefore there is need that it should be detected at an earlier stage when it prognosis are still high.
There has not been any work in our locality on characterization of breast lesion seen on mammo hence, this researchintends to characterize and comprehensivelydocument the breast lesions that are seen in our locality and the age of presentation. This will help in selecting the most appropriate treatment option for the lesions.
1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
- It has been observed that variety of breast lesions seen in mammography at University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enuguhave not be characterized and comprehensively documented.
2 The age distribution at the time of presentation of the breast lesions has not been documented in our locality.
1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
- To characterize the breast lesions seen during mammography at UNTH
- To establish the age distribution of lesions at the time of presentation.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- The research would be of immense help to clinicians and surgeons, in assessing the common lesions seen in our locality.
- It will help the clinicians in selecting the most appropriate diagnostic options for suspected breast lesion.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study cover patient in University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu, who have undergone mammography.
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