TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page…….……………………………………………………………………………….i
Certification …….……………………………………………………………………………ii
Dedication…….………………………………………………………………………………iii
Acknowledgement…….……………………………………………………………………. iv
Table of content…….…………………………………………………………………………v
Abstract…….…………………………………………………………………………………vi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study …….…………………………………………………………. 1
1.2 Statement of problem ……….……………………………………………………… 4
1.3 Research Questions …….………………………………………………………………. 5
1.4 Objective of the study …….……………………………………………………………. 6
1.5 Scope and limitation …….…………………………………………………………… 6
1.5.1 Scope …….……………………………………………………………………………..6
1.5.2 Limitation…….…………………………………………………………………………7
1.6 Organization of study…….………………………………………………………………7
7
1.7 Justification of study…….…………………………………………………………….7
1.8 Research methodology…….…………………………………………………………..9
1.9 Definition of terms…….……………………………………………………………….9
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction…….………………………………………………………………………….12
2.1 Conceptual Clarification………..………………………………………………………….14
2.1.1 Foreign Policy…….………………………………………………………………………14
2.1.2 National Interest…….…………………………………………………………………….16
2.1.3 Diplomacy…….……………………………………………………………………………22
2.2 Bilateral relations between Nigeria and USA…….……………………………………….22
2.3 Theoretical Framework …….………………………………………………………………24
2.3.1 World system theory…….…………………………………………………………………24
2.3.2 Dependency theory…….…………………………………………………………………..25
8
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction…….……………………………………………………………………….33
3.2 Research Design…….……………………………………………………………………33
3.3 Method of Data Collection…….………………………………………………………. 33
3.3.1 Secondary Data…….……………………………………………………………………34
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction…….……………………………………………………………………… 35
4.2 Analysis of Nigeria-US relations since 1999 …….……………………………………. 35
4.3 Patterns of Nigeria-US relations…….……………………………………………………38
4.3.1 Trade and Investment…….……………………………………………………………. 38
4.3.1.1 External debt and Financial Assistance…….……………………………………….. 39 4.3.1.2 Nigeria has also been involved in the African Growth and Opportunity Act…….. 42 4.3.2 Military and Security Co-operation…….……………………………………………. 43 4.4 Appraisal of Democratic Roles in the development of Nigeria-US relations…………..47 4.5 Evaluation of Global Terrorism on the Nigeria-USA relations……………………………52
9
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary…….…………………………………………………………………………..59
5.2 Conclusion…….…………………………………………………………………………59
5.3 Recommendation…….…………………………………………………………………..60
Bibliography
10
ABSTRACT
Notwithstanding Nigeria’s claims of adhering to the non-alignment policy, her continued focus on the West can hardly be removed under the carpet. From her independence in 1960, the country’s policies have been in favour of the countries of the Western Hemisphere. In fact, the notion among African scholars is that Nigeria’s non alignment policy is only in theory, but not in practice. This study has chosen to consider Nigeria’s relations with the United States of America, from 1999 to 2013. In all, the focus is on the U.S-Nigeria relations between these two periods. The facts for this research are gathered from secondary sources. These include material from textbooks, newspapers, magazines, journal articles and internet sources.
11
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The Nigeria-United States relations are bilateral relations between Nigeria and the United States. The United States established close relations with Nigeria in 1960 when she got her independence from the British. Although the Nigeria-USA relationship has been strained due to various military coups in the Second Republic from 1979-1983.The history of Nigeria‟s foreign policy towards United States since 1960 has constantly been changing, though the principles guiding her foreign relations remain the same. Strategic event are largely responsible for the unstable external relationship between the two countries. Since Nigeria‟s foreign policy is deeply rooted in Africa with emphasis on political and economic cooperation, peaceful dispute resolution, and global nonalignment, Nigerian leaders also have their attention fixed on the successful implementation of these principles which sometimes come in conflict with the US foreign goals.
At independence Nigeria began to conduct foreign relations under the political leadership of her prime minister, the late Alhaji (Sir) Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. His administration emphasized Africa to be centre-piece of Nigeria‟s foreign policy. His own foreign relation was pro-Western particular with Britain, Nigeria‟s erstwhile colonial master. With the bloody military coup of January 15, 1966, the late Major-General J.T. Aguisi Ironsi came to power only to be killed in a counter coup staged six months later. This development brought the retired General Yakubu Gowon to power (Abegunrin, 2001: 12-20). Although General Yakubu Gowon‟s adopted a pro-western approach In Nigeria‟s foreign relations. He entered into agreements with Britain, United
12
States and other European Countries. A bloodless military coup lead to the hijacking of the General Yakubu Gowon‟s government and this lead to the emergence of late General Murtala Ramat Mohammed and the retired General (now Chief) Olusegun Obasanjo who was his second in command and Chief of Staff Supreme Headquarters. This regime innovated new ideas and dynamism In the country‟s foreign affairs. The regime prepared to counter the imperial moves of the western powers especially the United States who had emerged as a major power broker in Africa particularly in Angola (Robert, 1991: 57). This was also the era of the cold war where the USA and the Soviet Union were competing for military supremacy and searching for satellite countries who would support them in their bid to permanently polarize the world into Capitalist and Communist Blocs under the US and Soviet Union respectively (Robert, 1991: 67). The Muhammed\Obasanjo regime pursued confrontational diplomatic in its resolve to emancipate African countries that were still under the tyranny of colonial masters. The government also had conflict with the US in its bid to eradicate neo-colonialism, racism and apartheid on the African continent particularly colonies in Southern Africa (Davies, 1978: 15).
With all these involvements in international politics, Nigeria became a regional power and centre of influence, particularly in Africa, making her to adopt confrontational foreign policy posture towards the US. This combined with a viable economy until the mid-1980s; Nigeria was a toast of many states seeking either its influence or support on global issues or financial assistance (Ate, 1987: 93). However, after the June 12, 1993, Nigerian presidential election was annulled, and in light of human rights abuses and the failure to embark on a meaningful democratic transition, the United States imposed numerous sanctions on Nigeria. These sanctions included the imposition of Section 212 of the Immigration and Nationality Act to refuse entry into the United States of senior government officials and others who formulated, implemented, or
13
benefited from policies impeding Nigeria‟s transition to democracy; suspension of all military assistance; and a ban on the sale and repair of military goods and refinery services to Nigeria. The U.S. Ambassador was recalled for consultations for four months after the execution of the Ogoni Nine on November 10, 1995.
After a period of increasingly strained relations, the death of General Abacha in June 1998 and his replacement by General Abubakar opened a new phase of improved bilateral relations. As the transition to democracy progressed, the removal of visa restrictions, increased high-level visits of U.S. officials, discussions of future assistance, and the granting of a Vital National Interest Certification on counter-narcotics, effective in March 1999, paved the way for re-establishment of closer ties between the United States and Nigeria, as a key partner in the region and the continent (Adebajo and Mustapha, 2008: 80-120).
When the new democratically elected government in Nigeria took power in 1999, the United States (US) pictured a bright future with a strategic country in the African sub-region. They envisioned a strong partnership in political, economic and security realms. The growing influence of Islam in northern Nigeria has also been a cause of concern to some policymakers in Washington, particularly in light of America‟s war on terrorism. Diplomatic relations between the two countries appeared to be threatened over the failed attempt by a Nigerian, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab to blow up a Northwest Airlines jet on Christmas Day (December 25, 2009) which led to the inclusion of Nigeria on US terrorism watch list and subsequently, making the Nigerian Senate to give the United States authorities a seven-day ultimatum to remove Nigeria from their watch list (Tell Magazine, 2012). Despite challenges that marred Nigeria-US relationship in 2010, the bilateral relationship continued to improve, and cooperation on many
14
important foreign policy goals, such as economic collaborations and regional peacekeeping has been good.
The Nigerian government has lent strong diplomatic support to the U.S. Government counter-terrorism efforts in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks. The Government of Nigeria, in its official statements, has both condemned the terrorist attacks as well as supported military action against the Taliban and Al-Qaeda. Between 2007 and 2012, Nigeria has played a leading role in forging an anti-terrorism consensus among states in Sub-Saharan Africa (Tell Magazine, 2012). The United States seeks to help improve the economic stability, security, and well-being of Nigerians by strengthening democratic institutions, improving transparency and accountability, and professionalizing security forces. U.S. assistance also aims to reinforce local and national systems; build institutional capacity in the provision of health and education services; and support improvements in agricultural productivity, job expansion in the rural sector, and increased supplies of clean energy. The United States is the largest foreign investor in Nigeria, with U.S. foreign direct investment concentrated largely in the petroleum/mining and wholesale trade sectors. U.S. exports to Nigeria include wheat, vehicles, machinery, oil, and plastic. Nigeria is eligible for preferential trade benefits under the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). U.S. imports from Nigeria include cocoa, rubber, returns, antiques and food waste. The United States and Nigeria have signed a bilateral trade and investment framework agreement.
It is the general aim of this thesis to explore the strategic importance of Nigeria as a crucial ally of the US and the needed synergies between the two nations to ensure regional and international stability.
15
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Over the years there have been various views from the public on the impact of the United State of America in Nigeria. Is their motive just to exploit our natural resources and give us peanut, this has been from various scholars and Nigerian citizens? The relationship between these two countries has been up and down. Bilateral relations between Nigeria and the US from 1999 to 2012 had a dual character: acrimony and friendship. From 1999 to 2003, there was a friendly relationship between the two countries, ; between 2003 and 2004 it degenerated into a full scale diplomatic tussle where Nigeria regarded the action of the US government on Iraq invasion as inappropriate; between 2005 and 2009, diplomatic relations was cordial with the increase in economic activities; between 2009 and 2010, their relations was sour as a result of Nigeria‟s inclusion on the terror list by the US government; and between 2011 and 2012, their relations became stable and entered a new phase of strategic partnerships in the fight against terrorism. The steps taken by these two countries to stabilize their relations during these periods call for careful study.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What are the patterns of the Nigeria-USA relations since 1999?
2. How does domestic and global terrorism affect Nigeria-USA relations?
3. What role has democracy played in the Nigeria-USA relations since 1999?
4. Are there any impacts of the United States of America on Nigeria since 1999?
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
16
The objective of this study is to assess the relationship between Nigeria and USA from 1999-2013. Also since the USA is the largest trading partner and largest foreign investor In Nigeria, this research is carried out to know whether Nigeria has benefitted in its relations with the USA. Not only in the economy sector but in the cultural, military and other sectors of the country, since USA is unarguably a big power state in the international system.. This is further aimed at empirically evaluating whether the US initiative in the name of African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) as well as US African Command (AFRICOM) had any impact on the development of Nigeria. Therefore, the specific objectives of the study are;
1. To discover the patterns of the Nigeria-USA relations since 1999.
2. To investigate the effect of global terrorism Nigeria-USA relations.
3. To examine the role which democracy has played in the Nigeria-USA relations since 1999.
4. To do an assessment of the Nigeria-USA relations since 1999.
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
1.5.1 SCOPE
This study covers Nigeria‟s foreign relations with the United States of America from 1999 to 2013. The study examines the bilateral relations between the two countries particularly the economic, cultural and political and military relations from 1999 to 2012. Other areas which this study covers include how the interplay of domestic factors shaped the relationship between Nigeria and the United States of America.
1.5.2 LIMITATION
17
One of the limitations of study is the biasness and sentiments on the side of many publication, writers, online and public opinion. Vital information required, important data where could have been useful has been falsified by the media. In spite of all these limitations, efforts were made to ensure the equality of the study through the use of sources such as online opinions, academic journals and other relevant materials to ensure authencity and validity of the study.
1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This research work will be written in five chapters. Chapter one covers the introduction which also covers the background of study, statement of problem, and the research objectives, amongst others. Chapter two presents the literature review and theoretical framework on the study. Chapter three presents the research methodology which outlines the research approach, sample selections, date collection procedure and method of data analysis. Chapter four discusses the findings and results of the data analysis while Chapter five present the summary, conclusion and recommendations of the study.
1.7 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY
This study is very important for certain reasons. The study is vital in providing the justification for the unrelenting efforts of the government to attract Foreign Direct Investments (FDI), through its economic relations with the US. It is useful to scholars‟ especially diplomatic historians, political scientists, economists and international relations experts in their research. Diplomats like ambassadors, high commissioners and staffers of foreign ministries will benefit from the work. The study is vital in exposing the top U.S foreign assistance priority in Nigeria which is the “Investing in People”. As such this shows us that there need to be the prospects of the mutual cooperation which is very decisive considering the fact that Nigeria is currently the economic
18
powerhouse of the African continent. Nigeria is also a capitalist economy and it is this inherent similarity in both the Nigerian economy and the United States economy that proves the prospects of this cooperation to be highly favorable.
The study is also vital in exposing how the United States is working with the Central Bank of Nigeria, Finance Ministry, National Planning Commission, and others to improve the environment for investment in agriculture through policy reform at the national and state level. The study is also significant to the Nigerian citizens, the study uncovers the various United States programs which help in the development of a policy climate in which micro, small and medium enterprises have access to credit, encourage investment, stimulate job growth, and build capacity in both the public and private sectors. Trade initiatives include capacity building in customs regulation and operations, policy reform to encourage internal and external trade, taking advantage of AGOA incentives for bilateral trade, and development of the private sector capacity to meet international trade and export standards. This study will also be useful to our Nigerian Military forces, the study exposes the peace and security measures carried out by the United States in its relations with Nigeria, for example the Armed Forces Staff College, the only in Africa and a major regional asset which has continued to provide equipment and training for Nigerian peacekeeping forces while promoting effective civilian oversight of the military and its adherence to human rights norms. The U.S. will focus on training, developmental and technical aid, and law enforcement cooperation in border control. This study will also be useful to the Nigerian government. In the area of governance and democracy this study reveals how the Nigeria-USA relations have provided exceptional efforts to develop inclusive, transparent, and effective institutions of democratic governance. The U.S. assistance also helps to rebuild basic mechanisms of democratic governance to make elected officials accountable to constituents
19
through free and fair elections, strong government institutions, and well-organized, informed citizens who demand performance. The United States advances rule of law in Nigeria by strengthening the capacity and transparency of law enforcement agencies and judiciary. It strengthens the civil society by promoting existing watchdog groups that have lobbied successfully for more transparency, accountability, and pluralism in Nigeria’s fiscal, electoral, conflict management, political, and human rights affairs.
1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A critical examination of the dramatic relations between Nigeria and USA will be analyzed using findings from secondary sources like the Internet, academic articles and books that deal with Nigeria-USA relations from 1999-2012.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Diplomacy: This is the work of maintaining good relations between the governments or different countries. It is the art and practice of conducting negotiations between nations.
National Interest: This refers to a country‟s goals and ambition whether economic, military or cultural.
Foreign Policy: This represents a set of principles or course of action that government of states adopts that help to define their relationship with other parts of the world. Foreign policy therefore is a product of internal environment and external circumstances. It is concerned with the conducts, actions as well as behaviors of a state towards other states and the goals and objectives of state. The environments within which foreign policy takes places are the domestic environment and the international or external environment. The external environment entails all the contingencies of the
20
international system that affect and influence the goals and objectives of states.
DISCLAIMER: All project works, files and documents posted on this website, UniProjectTopics.com are the property/copyright of their respective owners. They are for research reference/guidance purposes only and some of the works may be crowd-sourced. Please don’t submit someone’s work as your own to avoid plagiarism and its consequences. Use it as a reference/citation/guidance purpose only and not copy the work word for word (verbatim). The paper should be used as a guide or framework for your own paper. The contents of this paper should be able to help you in generating new ideas and thoughts for your own study. UniProjectTopics.com is a repository of research works where works are uploaded for research guidance. Our aim of providing this work is to help you eradicate the stress of going from one school library to another in search of research materials. This is a legal service because all tertiary institutions permit their students to read previous works, projects, books, articles, journals or papers while developing their own works. This is where the need for literature review comes in. “What a good artist understands is that nothing comes from nowhere. All creative work builds on what came before. Nothing is completely original.” - Austin Kleon. The paid subscription on UniProjectTopics.com is a means by which the website is maintained to support Open Education. If you see your work posted here by any means, and you want it to be removed/credited, please contact us with the web address link to the work. We will reply to and honour every request. Please notice it may take up to 24 – 48 hours to process your request.
