ABSTRACT
The biophysical properties of effluent from fishponds were analyzed with standard physiochemical and microbiological methods. The surface bottom water samples were aseptically collected. The population of total heterotrophic bacteria ranges from 3.6×104– 4.1×104.The total heterotrophic fungal ranges from 1.3×103– 1.8×103. The bacteria associated from fish pond include Klebsiella sp, Enterobacter sp, Shigella sp, Salmonella sp, Escherichia coli sp and pseudomonas sp. The physiochemical characteristics shows that the PH of the sample ranged from 6.98-7.11. The electrical conductivity of the sample ranged from 25-84. The temperature of the sample is 22.5-22.8. The effluent can reduce the environmental contamination and improve the use for increase of soil fertility in agricultural areas.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Cover Page – – – – – – – – – i
Title Page – – – – – – – – ii
Certification – – – – – – – – – iii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – iv
Acknowledgment – – – – – – – – v
Abstract – – – – – – – – – – vi
Table of content – – – – – – – – vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction and Literature Review – – – 1
1.1 Introduction – – – – – – – 1
1.2 Objectives of the Study – – – – – 3
1.3 Literature review – – – – – – 4
1.3.1 Environmental Impacts of Fish and Effluents 4
1.3.2 Environmental Impacts from Chemicals – – 6
1.3.3 Environmental Impacts of Sediments – – 7
1.3.4 Management of fish Pond Effluent – – – 8
1.3.5 Use of Aquatic Plant – – – – – 10
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Materials and Methods – – – – 12
2.1 Sample Location – – – – – – 12
2.2 Sample Collection – – – – – – 12
2.3 Media Used – – – – – – – 12
2.4 Sterilization of Materials – – – – – 14
2.5 Microbiological Analysis – – – – – 15
2.5.1 Total heterotrophic bacterial count – – 15
2.5.2 Total coli-form count – – – – – 16
2.6 Characterization and identification of
bacteria isolates – – – – – – 16
2.6.1 Gram Staining – – – – – – 16
2.6.2 Motility test – – – – – – – 17
2.6.3 Catalase test – – – – – – – 18
2.6.4 Citrate utilization test – – – – – 18
2.6.5 Indole test – – – – – – – 19
2.6.6 Test for fermentation of sugars – – – – 20
2.6.7 Methyl red and voges-proskauer cup tests- – 21
2.6.8 Urease test- – – – – – – – 21
2.7 Characterization of fungal isolates – – – 22
2.7.1 Microscopic identification of fungi – – – 23
2.7.2 Microscopic identification of mould – – – 23
2.7.3 Microscopic identification of yeast- – – – 24
2.7.4 Sugar fermentation/acid and gas production – 25
2.8 Physicochemical analysis of the effluent samples 26
2.8.1 Ph and temperature – – – – – 26
2.8.2 Electrical conductivity and total dissolved
solid (tds) – – – – – – – – 27
2.8.3 Turbidity – – – – – – – – 27
2.8.4 Colour – – – – – – – – 28
2.9 Statistical analysis – – – – – – 28
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Results – – – – – – – – – 29
3.1 Microbial load of fish pond waste water samples
Analyzed – – – – – – – – – 29
3.2 Identification of bacteria isolates – – – – 29
3.3 Overall percentage (%) occurrence of bacteria isolates from samples analyzed – – – – – – – 30
3.4 Percentage (%) occurrence of bacteria isolates from surface effluent sample analyzed – – – – – – 30
3.5 Percentage (%) occurrence of bacteria isolates from bottom effluent samples analyzed – – – – – – 31
3.6 Identification and characterization of fungi – – 31
3.7 overall percentage (%) occurrence of fungi isolates from samples analyzed – – – – – – – – 31
3.8 Percentage (%) occurrence of fungi isolates from surface effluent sample analyzed – – – `- – 32
3.9 Percentage (%) occurrence of fungi isolates from bottom effluent sample analyzed – – – – – – 33
3.10 percentage (%) occurrence of mould from surface effluent sample analyzed – – – – – – – 33
3.11 Percentage (%) occurrence of mould from bottom effluent sample analyzed – – – – – `- – – 33
3.12 Percentage (%) occurrence of yeast isolates from surface sample analyzed – – – – – – – – 34
3.13 Percentage (%) occurrence of yeast isolates from bottom sample analyzed – – – – – – – – 34
3.14 Physio-chemical analysis – – – – – 34
CHAPTER FOUR
DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
4.0 Discussion – – – – – – – – 49
4.1 Physio chemistry of the fishpond effluent – – 49
4.1.2 Microbiology of fish pond effluent – – – – 51
4.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – – 54
4.3 Recommendation – – – – – – – 54
References – – – – – – – – 56
Appendix -` – – – – – – – – 61
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Agriculture in the early days was generally considered too small an industry to have significant impact on the environment. The remarkable growth of the agriculture industry in many countries over the past decades has increased adverse impact on the environment. (Acketors,2014). The cultivation of organisms in ponds (Tincker, 2012), tanks (Millamena et al., 1991), rivers and coastal areas may have great influence on the environment, in addition to the impacts of all human activities.
According to Hopkins et al., (1995), there are potential and identified environmental impacts of fish farming such as the following. Wetlands, such as mangroves and mud flats, destruction for construction of ponds. Hypernutrification of estuarine ecosystems by fishpond effluent. “Biological pollution” of native fish stocks through escarpment of agriculture stocks.
The last for impacts can be addressed through improved water management methods. The environmental impact of fish culture have been well documented as a result of the explosive growth of such operation in south east Asia and to a lesser extent in Latin America (Aiken, 2015) and it has also caused social impacts (Bailey, 2001).
Chamberlin (2015) discovered, from fishpond effluent management study that dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia, and nitrite, hydrogen sulfide, redox potential, sediments, phytoplankton, and bacterial counts are fishpond parameters to be monitored. Depending on the stocking density, the concentration of materials, suspended solid and oxygen demanding subsistence may be varied. During the harvest time, the water in ponds is drained and the nutrients, suspended solids and BOD are the highest in discharged water. Solid matter, mainly mixture of uneaten feed, feces, phytoplankton colonizing bacteria and dissolved matter such as ammonia, urea carbon dioxides and phosphorus are the major constituents of the effluents of fish farms (Macintosh, and Philips, 1992)”. A very high nutrient load can be expected in effluents during harvesting, draining and cleaning of ponds, because additional discharge of material previously bound to sediment and particulate in matter. These issues when not monitored and checked could precipitate worrisome environmental problems. It is therefore necessary to embrace on this study.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the study are:
- To determine the physicochemical characteristics of fishpond effluents.
- To determine the microbiological properties of a fishpond effluent
- To alert fishpond farmers in Imo State on the need to stick to stipulated environmental guidelines and standards.
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