TABLEOFCONTENTS
TitlePage i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication v
Acknowledgements vi
Abstract vii
TableofContents viii
CHAPTERONE:INTRODUCTION
1.1BackgroundtotheStudy
1.2StatementoftheProblem
1.3ObjectivesoftheStudy
1.4ResearchQuestions 10
1.5ResearchHypotheses 10
1.6SignificanceoftheStudy
10
1.7ScopeoftheStudy 11
1.8LimitationsoftheStudy
11
1.9Conceptualizationofterms 13
1.10OrganizationofStudy
13
CHAPTERTWO:LITERATUREREVIEW
2.0Introduction 14
2.1ForeignPolicy 21
2.1.1PrinciplesofForeignPolicy 22
2.1.2ComponentsandFactorsofForeignPolicy
22
2.1.3InstrumentsforconductingForeignPolicy
24
2.2ForeignPolicyandDomesticPolicy 25
8
2.3RelationshipbetweenForeignPolicyandDomesticPolitics
27
2.4NigeriaatIndependence:VisionbehindForeignPolicy
31
2.5AHistoricalOverviewofNigeria’sForeignPolicy 32
2.5.1FrstRepublicNigeriaForeignPolicy
32
2.5.2SecondRepublicNigeriaForeignPolicy 35
2.5.3MilitaryEraandNigeria’sForeignPolicy 36
2.5.4Nigeria’sForeignPolicyunderObasanjo’sAdministration(1999-2007)
41
2.5.5Nigeria’sForeignPolicyunderYaradua’sAdministration(2007-2010)
45
CHAPTERTHREE:THEORETICALFRAMEWORKANDMETHODOLOGY
3.0Introduction 47
3.1TheoreticalFramework 47
3.1.1ApplicationofthetheoryofRealism totheResearch
49
3.2ResearchDesign
50
3.3MethodofDataCollection 50
3.4MethodofDataAnalysis
50
9
CHAPTERFOUR:DATAPRESENTATIONANDANALYSIS
4.0Introduction 51
4.1Nigeria’sForeignPolicyunderGoodluckJonathan’sadministration(2010-2015)
52
4.2PoliticalLeadership’sCharacteranditsimpactonNigeria’sForeignPolicy
54
4.3InfluenceofDomesticPoliticsonNigeria’sForeignPolicyunderGoodluck
Jonathan’sadministration
58
4.3.1RegionalDemocracyandDiplomacy
59
4.3.2StrategicPartnershipandEconomicDiplomacy
61
4.3.3Nigeria’sInternationalImageandRespect
63
4.3.4RelationshipwithGreatPowers
64
CHAPTERFIVE:SUMMARY,CONCLUSIONANDRECOMMENDATION
5.0Introduction 66
5.1Summary 66
5.2Conclusion 68
5.3Recommendation
69
Biblogragphy
10
71
ABSTRACT
Foreignanddomesticpolicyissuesarerelatedproductsofthesame
politicalsystem and aredesigned to defineand implementoverall
nationalpurposes.Foreign and domestic policy mustbe mutually
supportingifnationalinterestsaspirationsaretobeachieved inan
atmosphereofpoliticalstability.
TheresearchwascarriedoutontheDomesticstructureandconductof
Nigeria’sForeignPolicyandaCasestudymethodwasadoptedunder
GoodluckJonathanadministration(2010-2015).Thereview ofliterature
on foreign policy and otherrelated materialand the adoption of
“RealistTheory”whichisanchoredoninterestledustotheconclusion
thatNigeria’s seeming inaction during the period ofstudy was an
acknowledgementofthelimitsofitspower.Againstthisbackground
the study concludes that Nigeria’s foreign policy has since
independencebeen consistently guided by thesameprinciplesand
objectives.Nigeria’sForeign Policy initiativesand actionshavebeen
defined by onefirm and constantvariable,i.e.theprotectionofthe
country’s national interest. As a recommendation, the study
recommended,above all,thatNigeria mustinvolve a “home grown”
economicpolicyandhonestlyabodebyitsimplementation.
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CHAPTERONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1BackgroundtotheStudy
Theforeignpolicyofnationsdiffersfrom statetostate.Oneofthe
mainevidenceofstatesindependenceisthecapacityand abilityto
conductan independentforeign policy. Nationsattempttoachieve
differentgoals and objectives in governing theirsovereign entities,
someofthesegoalscanbeachieved bynationsontheirownwhile
someotherscanonlybeachieved withthehelp and cooperationof
similarentitiesorpoliticalunitsbeyondtheirownborders.
Foreignpolicy,toagreatextentdeterminesstatetostateinteractions
12
and relations.Folarin(2014)refersforeignpolicy toaweddingring
withwhichthedomesticcontextofanationsolemnizesitsunionwith
theinternationalcommunity.Nigeria’sforeign policy ismainly “afro
centric”.Adetula and Ashiwaju (2011)assertthatthe centrality of
foreign policy in states international relations cannot be over
emphasized;inotherwords,itisthroughforeignpolicythatanationis
abletomakeknownitsappearanceintheglobalstatetoothernations
oftheworld asanindependentstate.Throughforeignpolicy too,a
statecanalsoestablishitsnationalidentityandaswellpromoteother
nationalsymbols.Foreignpolicyalsoprovidesameansthroughwhich
states are able to identify their friends,establish and cultivate
friendship with othernations oftheworld.Theforeign policy ofa
nationisareflectionofitsdomesticdemands,needsandaspirations.
A study in Nigeria’s Foreign Policy overtime has quite often
emphasizedthedominanceofitsdomesticcontents.Theinfluenceof
DomesticStructuresonNigeria’sForeignPolicywasmadeobviousto
theinternationalcommunity on 1stOctober,1960by thethen Prime
MinisterSirAbubakarTafawa Balewa in an address to the United
Nations GeneralAssembly in New York.He announced that;Nigeria
doesnotintendtoallyitselfwithanyoftheideologicalpowerblocs
13
andNigeriahopestoworkwithotherstatesfortheProgressofAfrica
aswellastoassistinbringingallotherAfricanterritoriestoastateof
Independence.
ItwasassumedthatNigeriawouldplayaleadingroleinthecontinent
of Africa given the domestic nature,country’s size and natural
resources.Otubanjo,(1989)arguedthatNigeriabyvirtueofherlarge
size,hugepopulation and richnaturalendowmenthasalwaysbeen
expected to play a leading role in internationalAfrican Politics.
Nigeria’sforeignpolicy istoalargeextentisaproductofmyriad
forcesandfactorswhichinfluenceandaffectsthechoicesofforeign
policy decision makers.Domestic factors usually reflect in the
internationalarenaandtheexternalforcesaswellhaverepercussions
onthedomesticscene.Thus,therelationshipisDynamic(Irene,2010).
Abubakar,O.SreviewingGambarisaidthat;thefirstphaseofNigerian
Foreign Policy which was in itselfone ofuncertainty and timidity
coincided withtheperiod ofthefirstrepublic(1960-1965).themajor
issueduring this period was theofficialforeign policy declaration
itself;theAngloNigerianDefensePact,theCongoCrisisand African
Unity,theRhodesianCrisis,theArabIsraeliantagonism andthesearch
14
foracohesivepolicytowardstheMiddleEast.NigeriaoperatedaProwestern
Foreign Policy disposition throughout this period. The
conservativenatureinherforeignandexternalrelationswasdictated
by NigerianFederalism whichprofessesthreestrongregionswitha
weak centre.Prime Minister Tafawa Balewa at that time had a
constitutionalauthoritywhichwasnotalwaysmatchedbythepolitical
powerneeded to override these divergentgroups impingementon
Nigeria’sforeignpolicy.
Nigeria’sforeign policy wasfarmoreassertive,neutralistand Pan-
Africanistduringthisperiod(1960-1965).Theneedtoadjustinorderto
accommodatethecontrasting views ofgoverning parties sometimes
madeBalewa’sforeignpolicyanswerabletocriticmssuchaslackingin
consistentimagination and dynamism and charaterrized by Ad-hoc
decisionmakingwhichtendedtobecontradictoryandself-defeating.
ThesecondphaseofNigerianForeignPolicywastheperiodbetween
1966-1975,underwhichalotofchangestookplaceatthedomestic
politicallevel.TheNigerianforeignandexternalrelationwasmarkedby
active,positiveandinfluentialrolesespeciallyintheAfricanContinent.
Thefragilenatureoffederalism wasreplacedbyastrongercentrewith
15
12statesandthefederatingunitatthecentre.Themilitaryruleunder
GeneralYakubuGowondrasticallychangedthedimensionofDomestic
PoliticsandNigeria’sForeignPolicy.
Thediscoveryofoilboom aswellhelpedinallowingthecountryplaya
more decisive leadership role in World affairs,as itincreased the
revenueaccruingtothefederalgovernment.TheaftermathoftheBiafra
warexperiencewasalsoinstructiveasthecountrycameup witha
coherentpolicytoherfellow Africancountries.Theintegrativeefforts
ofGowonwiththeformationofECOWASandthefinancialandmoral
assistancetoneighboringWestAfricannationswereremarkable.The
countryplayedafrontlineroleinSouthAfricaproblemsbyincreasing
financialand other assistance to the liberation movement there.
Gowon’sactiveroleinAfricaearnedthecountrythechairmanship of
OAU.
A drastic shiftof foreign policy position was achieved underthe
GeneralMurtala/Obasanjoregime.Thisadministration’sforeignpolicy
posturewascharacterizedbydynamism astheregimesoughttomove
thecountry’sforeignpolicytoamoretrulynon-aligned position.The
administration’s bold move to recognize MPLA in Angola and the
16
memorable speech to the OAU extraordinary summitconference at
AddisAbabainJanuary,1976remainsaremarkableturningpoint.
ThenextphaseofNigeria’sforeignpolicydevelopmentcamewiththe
returntocivilianrule(1979-1983). TheexternalpolicyoftheShagari
administration is comparableonly to thatoftheBalewa era.Some
scholarsand commentatorsconsidertheSecond Republicashaving
“engendered retrogression”in the country’s foreign policy resulting
from itsPro– Westernpolicy.Forsure,theperiod ofretrogression
began during theObasanjoregimewhen thecountry experienced a
“returntosubservience”Themajorfactorexplainingtheretrogressive
natureofthecountry’sforeignpolicyduringtheperiodisfoundinthe
characteroftheleadership.TheNationalPartyofNigeria(NPN)was
madeup ofthemostaristocratic,conservativebusinessmen and a
sprinkle of academicians of the same mould.Mostof them have
economicandsociallinkswiththeeliteoftheWesternWorldevenifat
a peripherallevel.This among others madeitdifficultforthem to
formulate an independent foreign policy which might necessitate
occasionaldisagreementwiththeWesternpowers.
Therewasrecoursetotheoldorderofpassiveandreactionaryposture
17
inNigerianForeignPolicyasmanifestedinthecountry’spolicyonthe
ChadianCrisis,OAUandECOWAS.Itwasthelackoffocusandinability
of the regime to respond to the various domestic demands that
precipitatedthecollapseofthe2ndRepublicwiththeoverthrow ofthe
governmentby theBuhariled military Junta in December,1983.The
comingtopowerofthisadministrationwasverymuchwelcomedby
theNigerianpublic.Thiswaslargelyduetothetotaldisasterofthe
Shagariadministration.Thenew governmentwaswellreceivedmoreso
asitclaimedtohavebeentheoffshootofMurtalaadministration.The
administrationcamewiththepurposeofrestructuringandbringingthe
economy back to sound footing.It also vigorously sought to
institutionalizeanew ethicofNationalleadershipbasedondiscipline,
publicaccountabilityand integrity.Buhari’santi–WestPosturewas
remarkable,asitdemonstrated itsautonomy and statusindecision
making.Nigeria’s diplomatic relations with such powers as United
Statesand United Kingdom becameruptured.Inalltheseinstances,
NigeriademonstratedtotherestoftheWorldthatshewasnotreadyto
takeinsultsordirectivefrom anycountrybigorsmall,theregimeat
theend suffered “SupportErosion”with its human rightabuses,a
situationwhichmadeiteasyforittobeoverthrown.
18
The Babangida governmentthatsucceeded the Buhariregime was
described as a Liberal/benevolentmilitary regime especially atits
infancy.The administration like its predecessorwas committed to
economic restructuring which informed its choice of the Structural
AdjustmentProgramme(SAP).Theprogrammehadadverseeffectson
thelifeofNigerians,andasexpectedhadseriousimplicationsonthe
country’sexternalrelations.Theregime’shandlingofthebombingof
LibyabytheUSAwasheavilycriticizedsoalsowastheregime’sOIC
policy which almostprecipitated serious internalupheaval.Itwas
apparentthatthegovernmentundertheguiseofeconomicdiplomacy
succeeded in playing into thehands oftheWestern powers as its
economicprogrammecould besaid tobeanythingbuthumane.The
failure of Babangida to respect the peoples mandate with the
annulmentoftheJune12Presidentialelectionsresult,afterendless
politicaltransitionledtothedemiseoftheregime.
DuringtheAbacharegime,developmentbetweenChinaandNigeriawas
oneofthemostprominentaspectsoftheshiftinNigeria’sforeign
policy.AtthistimeNigeriaandChinaenteredintodifferentagreements,
which allowed China to become involved in oil production,
refurbishmentofthelong–neglectedNigeriaRailwayCorporation,the
19
dredgingofSeaportsatCalabarand Warriand thedevelopmentof
Mass–housingprojects.Abacha’sforeignpolicythrustshiftedtoAsia,
failingtorealizethatinaglobalizedworld,aligningNigeriawithAsia
aloneis inadequate.Thepoliticalheatfrom both homeand abroad
continueduntilAbachadiedon8thJune,1998.
Following the death ofAbacha,GeneralAbubakarAbdulsalam (rtd)
tookoverastheHeadofStateoftheFederalRepublicofNigeria.He
succeededinconductingapeaceful,freeandfairelectionthatfinally
broughtOlusegunObasanjoasthePresidentandCommander-in-Chief
oftheNigerianArmedForcesonMay29,1999.Theforeignpolicyduring
Obasanjo’s administration was expected to end the hostile and
unfriendlyforeignpolicyoutlookoftheBabangidaandAbachamilitary
regimesandunitethere-integrativeeffortsoftheprecedingAbubakar
regime.
PresidentYaraduathattookoverfrom Obasanjoin2007wasmoreona
slow paceand notinterested topursueforeignpolicywithasmuch
vigorasthatofhispredecessor(Irene,2010,Adefolarin,2014).
Goodluck Jonathan foreign policy underdemocratic rule has been
underlinedbyNigeria’sreturntoaplaceofprestigeintheInternational
20
Community.Particularlyofinterestinthisresearchistheinfluenceof
domesticpoliticsonNigeria’sforeignpolicyunderGoodluckJonathan
Civilianadministration(2010–2015).Theforeignpolicyanalysisshows
the values of the linkages as an explanatory example for
understanding Nigeria’s foreign policy in the Fourth Republic,
particularlyunderGoodluckJonathan’sadministration(2010-2015).
1.2StatementofProblem
ThisstudyexaminestheissueofDomesticstructuresanditsinfluence
onNigerianForeignPolicyaswellashow thecharacterofthepolitical
leadershipaffectstheForeignPolicyofNigeriaparticularlyunderthe
Jonathanadministration.
Thegoalofeveryforeignpolicyistomaintainacordialrelationship
withothernationsoftheworld and alsobuild a good imagefora
nationinordertomeetandachieveitsnationalanddomesticinterest.
NigeriasinceMay29th,1999atthestartoftheFourthRepubliccivilian
rulehasenjoyed15yearsofunbrokendemocraticprocess;giventhe
factthatGoodluckJonathan’sadministrationwasunabletocombatthe
Boko-haram menaceeffectively following US refusaltosellarmsto
Nigeriathishasseriously undermined Nigeria’sForeignPolicy under
21
theJonathan administration.Itis thereforecoherentto examinethe
influencedomesticstructureshadonNigeria’sforeignpolicyoutlookin
Jonathan’sregime(2010-2015).
1.3ResearchQuestions
1.Does the characterofthe politicalleadership affectNigeria’s
ForeignPolicy?
2.How hasDomesticstructureinfluenced Nigeria’sForeignPolicy
underGoodluckJonathan’sadministration?
1.4ObjectivesoftheStudy
Theresearchisaimedatachievingthefollowingobjectives:
1.Toassesshow thecharacterofthepoliticalleadership affects
Nigeria’sforeignpolicy.
2.To examine the influence of Domestic structure on Nigeria’s
foreignpolicy underGoodluckJonathanadministration(2010–
2015).
1.5ResearchHypotheses
Theresearchisbased onthefollowinghypothesesand proposesto
investigatethefollowing
22
1. Thecharacterofthepoliticalleadershiphasaffectedtheforeign
policyofNigeria.
2.DomesticstructurehasinfluencedNigeria’sforeignpolicyunder
theJonathanadministration(2010-2015).
1.6SignificanceoftheStudy
Thesignificanceofthestudy cannotbeunderrated and assuch
intendstoenhanceandadvanceourknowledgeontheforeignpolicy
ofNigeria and the influence ofdomestic structures on Nigeria’s
foreign policy posture particularly under Goodluck Jonathan’s
administration(2010-2015).Itisthereforeparticularlyimportanttore
-examinetheinterfacebetweendomesticissuesandforeignpolicy
inassessingthepossibilitiesand challengesthatNigeriafacesin
theFourthRepublic.
1.7ScopeoftheStudy
The research covered Domestic structure and the conduct of
Nigeria’s Foreign Policy under Goodluck Jonathan civilian
administration(2010–2015).
1.8LimitationsoftheStudy
Duringthecourseofthisresearch,thefollowingwerethelimitations
encountered.
Firstly,materialsneededfortheresearchtobedonethoroughlyby
the researcher were difficult to come by and Secondly,the
combinationofschoolactivitieswiththeresearchworkneededtotal
concentrationwhichwasquitelacking.
1.9ConceptualizationofTerms
ForeignPolicy
ForeignPolicyisdefinesasaplanofactionadoptedbyanationin
its dealings with other nations towards achieving its national
interestsandobjectives.Itconsistsofselfintereststrategieschosen
bystatestosafeguard itsnationalinterestsand toachievegoals
withintheinternationalrelationsmilieu.
InternationalRelations
Internationalrelationsisthestudyoftheinteractionsofstatesinthe
24
globalinternationalsystem anditexplainsthebehaviorsthatgoon
intheinternationalcommunityamongseveralstatesoperatinginthe
internationalpoliticalsystem.
Diplomacy
Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting negotiations
between nations.itis the employmentof tactto gain strategic
advantage.
Democracy
Democracy is defined as the governmentof the people by the
peopleand forthepeople.Itis a politicalsystem in which the
supreme power lies in a body of citizens to elect their
representatives.
NationalInterest
Nationalinterestisasetofgoalsandobjectivesinanationsforeign
policy,which theleaders aspireto achieveand promotein their
relationswithstateswithintheinternationalsystem.
25
DomesticStructure
Domestic Structure refers to how a state is organized within its
borders.ItiscrucialtounderstandingofaState’sForeignpolicyas
itdetermineskeyfactorstotheimplementationofForeignpolicy.
1.10OrganizationofStudy
Thisresearchprojectisdividedintofivechaptersandeachofthese
chaptersaddressesvariousissuesthatpertaintothesubjectofstudy.
ChapterOneisentailstheIntroductionthatcoverthebackgroundofthe
study,statementofthe problem,objectives ofthe study,research
questions,researchhypotheses,significanceofthestudy,scopeofthe
study,limitationsandconceptualizationofterms.
ChapterTwoistheLiteraturereview.
ChapterThree contains the Theoreticalframework,research design,
methodofdatacollectionandmodeofdatacollection.
ChapterFouristheDatapresentationandanalysis.
ChapterFiveentailssummary,recommendationand summaryofthe
26
study.
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