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ABSTRACT

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a veritable tool to support the activities of governmental institutions and agencies with the objectives of delivering effective service and information in a more convenient, citizen centre way and to curb corrupt practices. The objectives of this study is to examine the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on local government administration in Nigeria with particular reference to some selected local government areas in Lagos state.

The study adoptedsurvey design. The study population was the twenty (20) local governments in Lagos State. Six (6) local government areas were selectedusing purposive sampling technique being the first local governments where ICT was introducedIkeja, Alimosho, Oshodi-Isolo, Ojo, AmuwoOdofin and Badagry. From the total population of three thousand two hundred and sixty seven (3,267) staff of Ikeja, Alimosho, Oshodi-Isolo, Ojo, AmuwoOdofin and Badagry, the sample of 653 respondents (111,113,109,109, 107and 104 respectively) with 20% of total population. Primary and secondary data was used. Primary data included: structured and unstructured questionnaires and interview while secondary data include: published journals, text books, newspapers, magazines and internet materials.The questionnaire was self-administered to the staff of local governmentsand in depth interview was also conducted in the six local government areas with five (5) principal officials (Council Manager, Chairman, Secretary, ICT Director and Finance Director). Simple percentage and Bar Chart method was used to analyzed and interpret the data while Ch-Square and correlation analysis were used to test the hypotheses at 0.5 level of significance.

Thefinding revealed that Information and Communication Technology (ICT)increases employee’s performance in the six local government areas (r=0.166, p<0.5). There is a positive relationship between the use of ICT and transparency and accountability in the six local government areas. Also, the use of ICT enhance effective service delivery in the six local governments. (X2 =37.026 > X2t 9.488, df = 0.05)

The study concludedby recommending among others that there is need to redefine the role of local governments in the state so as to strengthen its capacity to manage effective change of complexity. Therefore, the study recommends that there is need to build managerial capacity in the areas of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) that will enhance effective service delivery in the Local government system.

 

Keywords:     Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Local government,                              Institutions, Public Service delivery, Citizens.

Word Count: 378

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content                                                                                                                       Page

Title Page                                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                                            ii

Dedication                                                                                                                              iii

Acknowledgements                                                                                                                iv

Abstract                                                                                                                                  v

Table of Contents                                                                                                                   vi

List of Tables                                                                                                                          ix

List of Figures                                                                                                                         xi

List of Appendices                                                                                                                 xiii

CHAPTER ONE:         INTRODUCTION

1.1      Background to the Study                                                                                            1

1, 2Statement of the Problem                                                                                     3

  • Objective of the Study             4
  • Research Questions 5

1.5       Hypotheses                                                                                                                 5

  • Scope of the Study 6
  • Significance of the Study 6

1.8       Operational Definition of Terms                                                                                 7

1.9       Organization of the Study                                                                                          8

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.0       Introduction                                                                                                                10

2.1       Conceptual Analysis                                                                                       10

2.2       Information and Communication Technology (ICT)                                                  10

2.3Local Government Administration                                                                                    14

2.4ICT and LG Administration in Nigeria: The NEXUS                                                      17

2.4.1   ICT as A Tool for Effective LG Administration

2.4.2    ICT as Tool for Transparency and Accountability in LG Administration In

Nigeria                                                                                                                                    24

2.4.3    ICT to LG in Other Countries of the World                                                              25

2.5       National ICT Policy                                                                                                    28

Content                                                                                                                       Page2.5.1        The Impact of Nigerian National Policy for ICT on LG Administration                   30

2.6       Lagos State ICT Policy                                                                                               32

2.6.1    Lagos State Govt ICT Policy and LG Administration                                               34

2.7       Theoretical Framework                                                                                               38

2.7.1    Socio-Technical Theory                                                                                              38

CHAPTER THREE:    METHODOLOGY

3.0       Introduction                                                                                                                40

3.1       Research Design                                                                                                         40

3.2       Population                                                                                                                   40

3.3       Sample size and sampling Technique                                                                          40

3.4       Sources of Data                                                                                                          41

3.5       Instrumentation                                                                                                           44

3.5       Reliability and Validity of Instrument                                                                       46

3.6       Method of Data Collection                                                                                         46

3.7       Method of Data Analysis                   46

CHAPTER FOUR:         DATA ANALYSIS, RESULTS

AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.0       Introduction                                                                                                                48

4.1       Classification and Characteristics of Respondents                                                     48

4.2       Presentation and Analysis of Data According to Research Questions                       54

4.3       Data Presentation And Analysis According to Test of Hypotheses                          74

4.3.1    Testing of Hypothesis One                                                                                         75

4.3.2    Testing of Hypothesis Two                                                                                         77

4.3.3    Testing of Hypothesis Three                                                                                       78

4.4       Discussion of Findings                                                                                               79

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION

AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0       Introduction                                                                                                                87

5.1       Summary                                                                                                                     87

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  88

5.3       Recommendations                                                                                                      89

5.4       Suggestion for Further Studies                                                                                   90

Content                                                                                                                       PageReferences                                                                                                                                   91

Appendices                                                                                                                         LIST OF TABLES

Table                                                                                                                           Page

2,6.1    Lagos State Government ICT Policy                                                              33

3,4.1    Ikeja Local Government                                                                                 41

3.4.2    Alimosho Local Government                                                                          42

3.4.3    Oshodi-Isolo Local Government                                                                    42

3.4.4    Ojo Local Government                                                                                   43

3.4.5    Amuwo-Odofin Local Government                                                               43

3.4.6    Badagry Local Government                                                                           44

4.1       Classification and Characteristics of Respondents

1          Respondents by Gender Distribution                                                             48

2          Respondents by Age Distribution                                                                  49

3          Respondents by Marital Status                                                                       50

4          Respondents by educational Background                                                      51

5          Respondents by Years of Employment                                                          52

6          ICT has Help in Quick Transmission of Information in LG Admin               54

7          Modern Security Devices Increases Employees Performance in LG             55

8          Electronically Documentation of Reports and Information has Help in

Easy Access, Retrieve and Dissemination of Information in LG                   56

9          ICT has Help to Reduce Overhead Cost of Operation in LG Admin                        57

10        Civil Service can Work More Due to Utilization of Computer in the LG      58

11        ICT has not Aided LG in Revenue Generation                                              59

12        Internet Facilities has Help in Quick and Better Service Delivery                 60

13        Issuing of Receipts and Processing of Document Electronically is

Prompt and Effective                                                                                     61

Table                                                                                                                           Page

14        Administrative Sluggishness and Excessive Bureaucracy are Reduced

Through the Use of e-Administrative                                                             62

15        Customers Crowd in the Office has Decreased due to ICT                           63

16        Service Provided is Prompt and Effective to the use of Internet

Facilities                                                                                                          64

17        e-Payment has Helped in Reducing Fraud and Ensuring Transparency

and Accountability                                                                                         65

18        Receipts and Payments are done Electronically                                             66

19        Easy Access to Government Information by the Populace has helped

in Ensuring Accountability and Transparency in the LG                               67

20        Introduction of ICT has reduce Ghost Workers in the LG                            68

21        e-Governance has Helped to ensure Fairness and Accountability in LG       69

22        Internal Revenue Generation Before the Adoption of ICT in Lagos State   70

23        Staff Strength of the Six LGAs Before and After the Adoption of ICT      72

4.3.1    Testing Of Hypotheses

1          Chi Square Extract                                                                                          75

2          Pearson Moment Correlation Extract                                                             77

3          Chi Square Extract                                                                                         78

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure                                                                                                  Page

1        Bar Chart Depicting Respondent Gender Distribution                                              49

2      Bar Chart Depicting Respondents Age Distribution                                                  50

3      Bar Chart Depicting Respondents by Marital Status                                                             51

4       Bar Chart Depicting Respondents by Educational Background                                52

5       Bar Chart Depicting Respondents Length of Service                                                            53

6       Bar Chart Depicting ICT and Transmission of Information in Local

Government                                                                                                                 54

7      Bar Chart Showing Modern Security devices increases employee

performance in local government                                                                     55

8     Bar Chart Depicting Effectiveness of Electronic documentation in

access, retrieve and dissemination of information at the local government level       57

9      Bar chart Depicting ICTs in reducing overhead cost in Local

government Administration                                                                                        58

10     Bar Chart Depicting Civil Service and the utilization of ICT                                    59

11     Bar Chart Depicting ICT and Local government in Revenue generation                  60

12     Bar Chart Depicting Internet facilities has helped in quick and better service

Delivery                                                                                                                      61

13     Bar Chart Depicting issuing of Receipts and Processing of documents

electronically is prompt and effective                                                                         62

14     Bar Chart Depicting Administrative Sluggishness and Excessive Bureaucracy

are Reduced Through the Use of e-Administrative                                                    63

Figure                                                                                                  Page

15       Bar Chart Depicting Customers Crowd in the Office Has Decreased Due to the

Use of ICT                                                                                                                  64

16    Bar Chart Depicting Service Provided and the Use of internet Facilities in

Local Government                                                                                                      65

17     Bar Chart Depicting e-payment Ensuring Transparency and Accountability 66

18     Bar Chart Depicting Receipt Payment and Local Government                                 67

19     Bar Chart Depicting Easy Access to Government Information and Accountability

and Transparency in Local Government                                                                    68

20     Bar Chart Depicting ICT and Ghost Workers in Local Government             69

21     Bar Chart Depicting e-governance and Procedure Fairness and

Accountability in Local government                                                                          70

22     Bar Chart depicting the Difference Between Internally Generated Revenue

Before and After the Introduction of ICT                                                                71LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix                                                                                                                    Page

I               Informed Consent Form                                                                           99

II             In-Depth Interview Guide                                                                        100

III                            Questionnaire                                                                                      101

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background to the Study

David is the biblical man for all seasons, the most complex and many-sided human character in the bible. He was variously shepherd, fugitive, politician, king, poet, musician, prophet, warrior and so many attributes. The role in which David is best known to the Western imagination is that of ‘boy hero and giant killer’. When he killed Goliath, he became an instant public hero, a civic liberator providing possible inspiration for fictional heroes, following in wake from Beowulf to Jack of the beanstalk (1Samuel17: 1-58). This victory by the boy David can be liken to the introduction of Information Communication Technology in curbing or minimizing corruption and so many social vices in both private and public services.

The current use of the internet, digital connectivity, the explosion and use of e-commerce and e-business models to enhance efficiency in the private sector is pressuring the public sector to rethink hierarchical, bureaucratic organizational models (Ndou, 2004:30-46). Moreover, the increasing expectation ofNigeriansand the pressured effective service delivery of the private sector are pressing the bureaucracy to be time responsive. As a result, the 21st century has experienced a shift in the role of government. Unlike before, the government’s role has been redefined to empower rather than serve the customer, shift from hierarchy to teamwork and participation, and be mission-oriented and customer-focused, and to enhance with prevention rather than cure (Osborne&Gaebler, 1992).

In the early 1980s, the need to reform the bureaucracy became imperative all overthe globe. Consequently, the governments of developed and developing countries are faced with the challenge of transformation and the need to modernize administrative practices and management systems (Tapscott, 1996:60-66). In this regard, Information and CommunicationTechnology (ICT) is seen as a tool to support the work of governmental institutions and agencies with the objectives of delivering public services and information in a more convenient, citizen-centric way and to curb corrupt practices. In other words, Information and Communication can be an effective tool to ensure increased accessibility, inclusivity and flexibility of government services.

The Federal Government of Nigeria has recognized the importance of ICT for making service delivery prompt and effective. It has introduced ICT tools such as online payment of salaries and wages, accounting package, advertisement of vacancies and so on in different public offices. As a matter of fact, when the National Information Technology Policy was approved to guide the ICT project in Nigeria, this was followed by the enactment of the National Information Technology Development Agency Act 2007, which provided the legal platform for the creation of the National Information Technology Development Agency (NITDA).

Lagos State Government in an effort to align with the Federal Government NITDA policy, decided to have strategic partnership between herself and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) through State Partnership for Accountability, Responsiveness and Capacity (SPARC) program and related bilateral and multilateral aid which aims at bringing about reform that will position Lagos State in terms of its vision of Lagos becoming a mega city with world class ICT infrastructure, comparable to that of any other mega city in the world. Lagos State Government recognizes the necessity for competence in ICT. Therefore, in May, 2011it Established Public Service Management ICT subgroup to guide the conception, design and implementation, applicable, development of ICT in the state .The Lagos State Government ICT Policy according to the state website design assured that “The relationships between people, process and technology is effectively managed by the singular most important document – the Policy which ensures business process alignment between the different aspects of any organization. An ICT Policy for Lagos State is therefore the most important outstanding document that will effectively guide how to manage ICT infrastructure and continuously align the acquisition and use of ICT resources with the States strategy. The policy document will define the course or method of action to guide and determine present and future decisions. If well implemented, the ICT Policy will ensure the establishment of guidelines and procedures for the acquisition, deployment, usage, and retirement of Information and Communication Technology resources in Lagos State government Ministries, Department and Agencies. It will also ensure the safety and security of Information Communication Technology resources within the State government from both internal and external threats” (Lagos ICT, 2011).

 

It should be noted that this ICT policy document was produced in collaboration with input from the Public Service Management ICT subgroup which will help in establishing and strengthening good governance within the LASG and in turn ensure the provision of a world class ICT solution benchmarked against International best practices. The policy document will be undergoing an approval process which is led by strategic Ministries, Department and Agencies, and when finally approved and put in place will help to structure, streamline and provide the needed rules and framework for the Lagos Stage Government. In addition to the ICT policy document, an ICT Acceptable User policy and Information Security Policy document were also produced (Lagos ICT, 2011).

The invaluable role of local government in Lagos State with its mandate to bring development nearer to the people has become a relevant discourse of our time. The United Nations (2009) and Nassanga (2006) explore the power of Information and Communication Technology in achieving this statutory role of local government. In Nigeria, there are several initiatives geared at accelerating development via the technological platform. Overcoming the challenges of transformation of administrative bodies as service deliverers to the citizens is only possible with proper application of Information and CommunicationTechnology(ICT) which allows citizens to access various electronic services. Hence, citizens are able to publicly express their opinion about the functioning of local government and proper conducting of public affairs, thus increasing the role of grass roots administration as a service oriented towards citizens. With these assumed benefits of Information and Communication Technology policy by LSG as enumerated above, this research work attempts to carefully examine the impact of ICT in Alimosho,Amuwo-Odofin, Badagry, Ikeja, Ojo and Oshodi-Isololocal government areas of the state.

It is imperative at this juncture to note that there is uniformity of function and responsibility for all the local governments throughout the Nigeria federation as enshrined in the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. The functions are made up of mandatory for which local governments have full responsibility, those which they sharing functions with higher levels of government and those functions that the state or federal government can from time to time assign to local authority (Constitution, 1999).

In the FourthSchedule of 1999 Constitutions of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, the functions of local governments are spelt out to include provision of nursery, primary and adult education, administration of maternity centres, dispensaries and leprosy clinics and health centres, lighting and drainage, support for arts and culture, control of pollution, public housing programmese.t.c

 

1.2       Statement of the Problem

The recent development in information and communication technology provides opportunities for bridging the gap between the government and the citizens. ICT provide avenue for effective interaction between the government and citizens at local levels. It also serves as a tool for eliminating barriers confronting citizens’ participation in governance at local level.

The Lagos State government effort in implementing ICT across the entire state including local government areas should be commended as it is an effort in the right direction. However, for the projects and processes to be effective and efficient there is need for appropriate coordination and streamlining. The significant role information and communication technology is playing now in Lagos State strategic business decision and the role it will continue to play in the nearest future cannot be overemphasized. This therefore puts the state in the position to make concrete and crucial decisions on what the strategic role ICT centre should be playing in the development of ICT across the state and the use for effective and efficient service delivery.

The present state of affairs in the public sector, especially at local government level appears that the variables responsible for poor performance have not been dealt with and so the problem still lingers. It is against this background that the researcher sought to examine to what extent has informationand communication technology been used to resolve the problems of ineffective service delivery, low performance and corruption in the local government administration.

1.3       Objective of the Study

The general objective of this study is to examine Information Communication Technology (ICT) and local government administration, in Lagos Statebetween 2007 – 2015 with specific reference to Alimosho, Amuwo-Odofin, Badagry, Ikeja, Ojo and Oshodi-Isolo. Other specific objectives are to:

  1. examine theuse ofICT in assessment of employees’ performance in the Local Government Areas in Lagos State.
  2. determine the extent to which ICT has improved transparency and accountability in the assessment on employees’ performance in the sixlocal government areas
  3. investigate the relationship between information and communication technology and effective service delivery to the citizens in the six local government areas.
  4. analyse the effects of ICT on both the users and the overhead cost operations of the six Local Governments in Lagos State.
  5. examine the use of ICT vis-à-vis bureaucratic bottlenecks in Local Government administration in Lagos State.

1.4       Research Questions

To achieve the stated objectives, the following are the research questions to guide the study.

  1. Is there any significant relationship between the use of information and communication technology and the assessment of employees’ performance in the six local government areas?
  2. To what extenthas the information and communication technology improved transparency and accountability in the six local government areas?
  3. Is there any relationship between information and communicationtechnologyand effective service delivery to the citizens in the six local government areas?
  4. What are the effects of ICT on both the users and the overhead cost of Local governments in Lagos State?
  5. What is the relation between the use of ICT and the issue of bureaucratic bottlenecks in Local Government administration in Lagos State?

1.5       Hypotheses

The following hypotheses are formulated for testing:

Hypothesis One

H0:       There is no significant relationship between the use of information and communication technology andemployees’ performance in the six local government areas.

Hi:       There is significant relationship between the use of information and communication technology andemployees’ performance in the three local government areas.

Hypothesis Two

H0:       The use of Information and communication technology in all the six local government areas cannot ensure transparency and accountability.

Hi:       The use of Information and Communication Technologyin the six local government areas can ensure transparency and accountability.

 

 

Hypothesis Three

H0:       There is no significant relationship between information andcommunication technologyand effective service delivery system in the six local government areas.

Hi:       There is significant relationship between information and communication technology and effective service delivery system in the six local government areas.

1.6       Scope of the Study

Assessing the organizational structure of local government in Nigeria, it is discovered that local governments are not adequately equipped with modern technological advancement, thereby creating widening gap between the government and the governed at the grassroots level.

There is also a concern with high administrative cost not only in terms of salaries and allowances but also with regards to multiplicity and duplication of agencies and departments. There is no link between the high number of staff and their remunerations with service rendered to the people.

The study covers information and communication technologyon the twenty (20) local government areas in Lagos State which include Alimosho, Agege, Ajeromi-Ifelodun, Apapa, Epe, Eti-osa, Ibeju Lekki, Amuwo-Odofin, Badagry, Ikeja, Mushin, Ifako-Ijaye, Ikorodu, Kosofe, Lagos mainland, Somolu, Surulere, Lagos Island, Ojo and Oshodi-Isolo while six local government areas were selected for the adoption of ICT between 2007–2015. The choice of these six local government areas in Lagos State was based on the strategic mechanism that the state government put in place to ensure a more coordinated ICT adoption in the local government. It was observed that the local governments have introduced automated technologies in their operations which further justify their choice for this study. Specific focus will be on the application of ICT in the paymentof staff salaries and internally generated revenue.

Nonetheless, this study reflected on the administration of local governments before 2007 as a way of providing significant background to the study for the basis of assessing the effect of ICT introduction from 2007 – 2015.

1.7       Significance of the Study

The expected benefits of this research to all stakeholders and practitioners in the public service are significant. The study would offer an in-depth analysis of what the sixlocal governments stand to benefit, ifan effective information and communication technology policy is fully implemented inAlimosho, Amuwo-Odofin, Badagry, Ikeja, Ojo and Oshodi-Isololocal government areasof Lagos State.

The choice of Lagos State is the fact that she is one of the foremost state in Nigeria in taking a bold step in aligning with the use of ICT in all its sectors and even extending it to the third tier of government in the state. Knowing fully well that an understanding of the effective and responsible use and management of ICT is vital for managers, as it play a key role in the efficient operations, effective management, and strategic success of businesses and other organizations that must operate in a global business environment.

Furthermore, Lagos Stateseek to key into the three vital roles ICT perform to include support an organization’s business operations, managerial decision making, and strategic advantage and because ICT has become an indispensable ingredient in several major strategies that business are implementing to meet the challenges of a rapidly business environment.

Therefore, the study would contribute to knowledge in terms of provision of relevant information, in the form of ideas, opinion and views from the field (interviews of clients) which would assist public services in all the local governments in the Stateforeffective service delivery, improve performance and ensuring transparency, reducing corruption, reducing cost and quality of services. Another significance of the study is to eloquently proffer ways of adopting ICT in the public service for the growth of the sector. Scholars, upcoming researchers and students in general stand to benefit from this research as it would serves an intellectual information depository for research development in the area of its study. Through this study, they would also know what have already been done in the study area and the areas that constitute or
calls for further study. Above all, this study would however recommend appropriate measures to be adopted so as to guide against the anti-performance circumstances of the public service as it relates to the application of information and communication technology.

It is also hope that it would provoke further research into other local government areas beyond the scope of this study for better performance of the public service as its relate to the application of information and communication technology.

1.8       Operational Definitionof Terms

Management: The challenges of effectively and ethically managing the resources and business strategies involved in using information technology at the end user, enterprise, and global levels of a business. It involves the control of human and materials resources towards achievement of organizational goals and objectives. Getting things done through others, efficient utilization of resources.

Strategy: As the basic steps or approaches of management/government towards effecting positive change in the public service civil in order to reach an objective or set of objectives. In other words, the methodologies or measures adopted or outlined by the Lagos state government towards the achievement of employee better performance and productivity improvement/ enhancement in the local government areas of the state to achieve its objectives.

E-governance: E-governance refers to the delivery of goods and service to users through the internet services such face-book, WhatsApp, blackberry massagers, chatOn etc.

Impact: Direct effect, that is, effectiveness + efficiency = impact.

Effectiveness: The ability to produce results needed and intended.
Efficiency: The quality of doing something well with no waste of time and money.
Information and CommunicationTechnology: is the modern handling of information by electronic means which involves storage of processing,access, transportation or transfer and delivery of information.

Local Government: A defined “body” by the constitution a legal instrument arranged monitored function according to oversee the affair of government at the grassroots.

World Wide Web(www): This represents the symbol of the information and communication society. It is the quick access to seek information from the government.

Transformation: This is the process that involves comprehensive institution reform and technological improvement.

National Policy on Tele-communication:It was set up in 2001 to develop infrastructural base of ICT which was charged with the responsibility of implementation of ICT policy

1.9       Organizationof the Study

The research study has been organized into five chapters and each chapter is further divided into various subsections. The first chapter introduces the study; statement of problem, objective of the study, followed by statement of research question, research hypotheses, and scope of the study and significance of the study, the second chapter reviews literature and provides theoretical framework for the study, the third chapter constitutes research method, where issues like restatement of the research hypotheses and questions, research design, population of the study, the sample size and type of sampling method used is discussed, it’s also examine the method used in data collection, instrument of data collection and how it is administered, the validity and reliability of the instrument is also looked into, the analysis of data is based on the SPSSstatistical packaged to reduce errors.

The chapter four look at the analysis of the data according to the research question, respondent characteristics and classifications, the analysis of operational data, analysis of data according to the research hypotheses tested, the validate and invalidate of the research instrument and discussion of the findings. Finally, the last chapter summarizes and concludes the whole thesis; this chapter also will give recommendations and highlights areas for further studies.

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