TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certification……………………………………………………………………………………..ii
Dedication………………………………………………………………………………………iii
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………………iv
Contents…………………………………………………………………………………………v
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study………………………………………………………………………1
1.2 Statement of Problem………………………………………………………………………….2
1.3 Objectives of Study……………………………………………………………………………4
1.4 Research Questions……………………………………………………………………………4
1.5 Significance of Study………………………………………………………………………….5
1.6 Scope ………………………………………………………………………………………….5
1.7 Methodology………………………………………………………………………………….5
1.8 Limitation………………………………………………………………………………………6
1.9 Organization of Study…………………………………………………………………………6
1.10 Definition of Terms …………………………………………………………………………6
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Conceptual Clarifications…………………………………………………………………….8
2.1.1 Multinational Corporation………………………………………………………………….11
2.1.2 The Nigerian Economy: An Overview.…………………………………………………….13
2.2 Theoretical Framework………………………………………………………………………16
6
2.2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..16
2.2.2 Dependency Theory…………………….………………………………………………….17
2.2.3 World System Theory………………………………………………………………………19
2.2.4 Neo-Liberalism…………………………………………………………………………….21
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Preamble….…………………………………………………………………………………23
3.2 Research Design……………………………………………………………………………..23
3.3 Area of Study……………………………………..…………………………………………23
3.4 Research Population…………………………………………………………………………23
3.5 Sampling and Sampling Technique(S)………………………………………………………23
3.6 Method of Data Collection………………………………………………………………….24
3.7 Data Analysis Techniques…………………………………………………………………..25
CHAPTER FOUR
THE IMPACT OF MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS ON NIGERIA’S ECONOMY
4.0 Introduction….………………………………………………………………………………26
4.1 The Socio-Economic and Political Implications of MNC‟s in Nigeria……………………..26
4.2 Policies of the Nigerian Government towards MNC‟s……………………………………..30
4.3 Economic………………………….…………………………………………………….….32
4.3.1 Surplus Profit…….……………………………………………………………………….32
4.3.2 Bribery and Corruption…………………………………………………………………..33
4.3.3 Tax Evasion……………..…………………………………………………………….….35
4.3.4 Employment Policy and Discriminatory Salary Payment…,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,36
4.3.5 Technology Transfer………….…………………………………………………………37
7
4.3.6 Economic losses occasion by Niger-Delta Problems…………………………………..38
CHAPTER FIVE
MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND NIGERIA’S ECONOMY: FOCUS ON KEY AREAS
5.0 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….39
5.1 Social……………………………………………………………………………………..39
5.1.1 Unintended consequences like Kidnapping and Arm Robbery…………………………39
5.1.2 Environmental Degradation……………………………………………………………..40
5.1.3 Social Responsibilities………………………………………………………….……….42
5.2 Positive Advantages……………………………………………………………………….42
5.2.1 Raise Standard of Living………………………………………………………………..42
5.2.2 Social Responsibilities…………………………………………………………….…….43
5.2.3 Contribution to GDP……………………………………………………………….……43
5.2.4 Technology Transfer…………………………………………………………………….43
5.2.5 Employment Opportunities………………………………………………………………44
5.3 United Bank for Africa (UBA)……………………………………………………………..44
5.4 United Africa Company (UAC)……………………………………………………..…..…47
5.5 Shell BP……………………………………………………………………………………50
5.5 Summary…………………………………………………………………………………..54
5.6 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………54
5.7 Recommendation………………………………………………………………………….56
BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………………57
8
ABSTRACT
The main focus of this research work is to examine the impact of multinational corporations on indigenous industries in Nigeria and economic development of Nigeria. MNC‟s are agent of development in the sense that they constitute the source of capital investment, employment for the people, technological transfer etc. However, many critical of their existence, they are agents of “exploitation”. In this regard, the objective of this work is to ascertain the extent of involvement of multinational corporations in the economic development of Nigeria using indices like employment provision, transfer of technology and to determine the political, socio-economic implications of their existence in Nigeria and also to examine their impact on indigenous industries , in which we will be focusing on key areas of the economy . The materials gathered will be presented and analysed to ascertain if the MNC‟s operations and activities in Nigeria has an impact on the indigenous industries in Nigeria.
9
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Multinational corporations are those powerful mega conglomerates that came into being in Nigeria after the abolition of slave trade. They became more prominent during the heydays colonialism and have even dominated the Nigerian economy after her independence. In his contributions towards the emergence of Multinational Corporation in Africa, Rodney (1972), reasoned that: “after the abolition of the slave trade. The European countries needed a market for surplus products and place to access cheap raw material and labour, Africa thus became the obvious destination”.
Consequently, today, Multinational corporations like the United African Company (UAC), Paterson and Zachonis (pz), Lever Brother, Coca-Cola Company, Mobil oil, Shell B P, Total Elfina, Schlumberger, to mention but few adorn the landscape of the Nigerian economy. On the strength of these corporations Okereke and Ekpe (2002), submit that: “these corporations are powerful conglomerates whose resources base are so formidable to the point of weakening and challenge and competition from indigenous entrepreneur. They straddle their host economies like colossus and their domination is hardly challenged”.
These multinational corporations are very rich in all ramifications because of the profit they make in Nigeria. For instance, Nigeria is one of the largest producers of oil the world which accounts for over 80% of her income. Since this sector of the economy is effectively controlled by Multinational corporations, who make enormous profit from the industry, one expects that they should spearhead the developmental process of Nigerian. But unfortunately, the
10
reverse has been the case. Most multinational companies have been fingered on several occasions playing active roles in the under development of Nigeria. The Halliburton scandal of bribery and tax evasion and the Siemens bribery scandal are example of Multinational Corporations consciously under developing Nigeria. However, certain scholars hold a contrary view to this position.
This paper therefore aims at espousing critically, the contributions of Multinational corporations towards the development of Nigeria and its impact on the indigenous industries.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Multinational companies like United Africa Company, PZ, Unilever, Mobil, Shell, EIF Oil Companies, etc, exists everywhere in Nigeria. Because of their formidable resources base, they dominate the economy, straddle the indigenous entrepreneur and in the process create a monopoly and accumulate unimaginable profits. Then question may now arise: How much is their contributions to the socio-economic cum political development of our country given their enormous, economic resources. According to Mansbach (1976), Multinational Corporations create and sustain a clientele (domestic elite) whose attention is far from the benefit of the host countries. Rather, they are content with the status quo and their primary energies focused on the foreign firms abroad.
Also according to Okereke and Ekpe:“rather than re-invest their profits in the economy of the host countries, in to generate other economic activities and hence expand the economy, the Multinational corporations repatriate profits to their home countries in what is often referred to as capital-Flight” (2004:112).
11
They equally contend that the domination of the economy of underdeveloped countries like Nigeria by multinational corporations, hinder the development of an independent nation bourgeoisie capable of internally generated and initiated development, thus retarding in these societies. In the oil sector which is the economic mainstay in Nigeria, the multinational corporation perpetrate heinous activities, especially in the Niger-Delta region, such as environmental degradation without adequate compensation, gas flaring which destroys wildlife, seafood‟s and farmland and discriminatory employment and remuneration policies. Socially, the activities of multinational corporations have led to an increase in anti-social activities like drug – abuses, prostitution, kidnapping and murder, (Cole 2009). On the effect of these kidnappings on the socio-economic development of Nigeria, Ajaero submits that Nigeria lost N2.456 trillion in 2006, N 2.69 trillion in 2007 and N2.97 trillion in 2008 through attacks on oil installations resulting in shutdowns and spillages (New swatch 4.5:2oo9). Equally, Nigeria has lost billions of Naira to foreign countries through act perpetrate by multi-national companies such tax evasion, bribery (Halliburton case) under-declaration of profit, over-in voicing, smuggling, racketeering, etc (Ibeanu 2009).
The question now is, what contributions have these multinational corporations made towards the developments of Nigeria? If the negative contributions outweigh the positive ones, what can be done to redress the imbalance? Also what has the government of Nigeria done either by legislation or other means to act against the all the allegations levied against these multinationals? These and many more questions will be answered in the course of paper.
12
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
This study seeks to examine the activities of MNCs in Nigeria, because there have been allegations against these MNCs on whether their intentions of investing in foreign land is good or not, so the major aims of these work in relation to Nigeria are as follows:
• To examine the activities of major multinational corporations in Nigeria, and the main focus will be on: Shell BP, UAC, UBA Bank
• To examine the impact of multinational corporations on the development of Nigeria using indices like bribery and corruption, tax evasion, employment policy transfer of technology etc.
• To examine the socio-economic and political implications of their existence in Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
The following research questions were made and answered for the purpose of the study and they are:
• What are the various roles these multinational corporations have played in Nigeria, since entering into the country as a business entity?
• To what extent has multinational corporations impacted on the development of Nigeria.
• What are the socio-economic and political implications of the existence of multinational corporations in Nigeria?
13
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
• The Nigerian economy has remained under-developed quite unlike that of the Asian Tigers like India, Indonesia, and Malaysia whose economics were worse-off than that of Nigeria few years ago. This has happened inspite of the oil-producing status of the Nigeria recognized worldwide and largely controlled by Multinational corporations. This study will help espouse the contributions of these conglomerates to her development/under-development.
• Recently, there has been embarrassing revelations of tax evasion, smuggling, bribery, etc, involving Multinational Corporations. This paper will reveal the economic effects of such scandalous activities on the Nigeria economic development.
• The final recommendations will add to the growing literature on the Nigeria development and encourage further research.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This research work will focus its attention on the activities of MNCs in Nigeria in relation to their impact on it‟s on the development/underdevelopment of Nigeria and its economy at large. The scope of the issues that will be examined is limited to the overall objectives of the research. The causes, effect and solutions to any anomalies shall be comprehensively addressed. However the time coverage for this research work is 1960 to 2015.
1.7 METHODOLOGY
Qualitative methodology will be employed for the purpose of this study in which the use of secondary data will also be employed for the purpose of this study.
14
1.8 LIMITATIONS
FINANCE: Lack of sufficient funds to execute the research project will be a hindrance for the successful execution of this research work because, quantitative methodology was supposed to be used to gather data for this research work, but because of the high cost transportation involved in traveling to places like Abuja and the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria to administer questionnaires and conduct interviews to experts in the field relating to this particular work, funding has made it impossible for me to embark on such
1.9 ORGANISATION OF THE STUDY
This research work is structured as a five chapter work, such that the general introduction is covered by chapter one, chapter two is meant for literature review, chapter three for research methodology, chapter four is devoted to data presentation and analysis while chapter five is meant for conclusions, recommendations and suggestion for further studies.
1.10 DEFINITION OF TERMS MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS:
An enterprise operating in several countries but managed from one (home) country. Generally, any company or group that derives a quarter of its revenue from operations outside of its home country is considered a multinational corporation. multinational corporation (MNC), also called transnational corporation, any corporation that is registered and operates in more than one country at a time. Generally the corporation has its headquarters in one country and operates wholly or partially owned subsidiaries in other countries. Its subsidiaries report to the corporation‟s central headquarters.
DISCLAIMER: All project works, files and documents posted on this website, UniProjectTopics.com are the property/copyright of their respective owners. They are for research reference/guidance purposes only and some of the works may be crowd-sourced. Please don’t submit someone’s work as your own to avoid plagiarism and its consequences. Use it as a reference/citation/guidance purpose only and not copy the work word for word (verbatim). The paper should be used as a guide or framework for your own paper. The contents of this paper should be able to help you in generating new ideas and thoughts for your own study. UniProjectTopics.com is a repository of research works where works are uploaded for research guidance. Our aim of providing this work is to help you eradicate the stress of going from one school library to another in search of research materials. This is a legal service because all tertiary institutions permit their students to read previous works, projects, books, articles, journals or papers while developing their own works. This is where the need for literature review comes in. “What a good artist understands is that nothing comes from nowhere. All creative work builds on what came before. Nothing is completely original.” - Austin Kleon. The paid subscription on UniProjectTopics.com is a means by which the website is maintained to support Open Education. If you see your work posted here by any means, and you want it to be removed/credited, please contact us with the web address link to the work. We will reply to and honour every request. Please notice it may take up to 24 – 48 hours to process your request.
