CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Foreign aid represents a relatively recent element in the interaction between sovereign states. Most scholars agree that modern foreign aid came into existence only after the Second World War when the United States started to support countries around the world, especially in Europe. Additionally, foreign aid seemingly represents an exception to the prevailing rules of statecraft in which states generally act on the basis of their respective national interests.
Aid, as the term in itself already implies, is usually understood by laymen as having its main goal to help the developing world through inducing economic, social, and political development in the recipient states. Equally, the very words aid or assistance seem to imply a disinterested and altruistic motivation on the part of the donor states. Yet, a closer look at the patterns of aid distribution by donor states, or into the technical literature on the subject quickly reveals that altruism does not seem to constitute the only motivation for aid-giving. (Ian little, Juliet Clifford and Osvaldo Feinstein, 1965), have addressed the confusion surrounding this technology already by stating that ―buying something from a man may help him, but one does not speak of ‗aiding‘ him if it is something that one wants.‖ Hence, the question is posed: What are the intentions and rationales of donor states if the motivation for aid-giving is not purely humanitarian and altruistic? It is in this subject where the main interest of the present work lies.
In recent times, during the presidential administration of Bill Clinton, the American foreign aid program underwent the most fundamental changes in its entire history regarding the amounts of aid allocated to developing countries. Most strikingly, the amounts of Official Development
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Assistance (ODA) distributed by the United States, if measured in inflation-adjusted 2010 dollars, reached both an all-time minimum as well as a historic peak within less than a decade (1997 with $9 billion and 2005 with $31 billion, respectively). Thus, the subject of interest of the present work is to explain these changes regarding the amounts and the ways of U.S. foreign aid allocation, i.e. to define what the reasons and the motivations were that led the United States to undertake these changes in its foreign aid policies during the time in question here.
To understand the in-depth position of the topic and its motives, we have to understand the direct relationship between the activities of the bill Clinton administration and the exact parts of Africa this aids where targeted to affect more so its necessity at that time. Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara Desert. Politically, it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara (excluding Sudan, even though Sudan sits in the Eastern portion of the Sahara desert).
Poverty, debt, endemic disease and poor governance are critical issues affecting the future of Africa. Economic, strategic, political, and societal interests, intertwined within any one African country, are easily influenced by events across porous borders. Economic growth for the region has been sluggish—barely able to keep pace with an average population growth of 2.6%. As a consequence, 34 of the continent‘s countries now rank among the world‘s least developed nations, compared to only 27 in 1996. Further sapping Africa‘s potential for development is a large and growing HIV/AIDS population—some 25 million people or 70% of the 36 million infected worldwide. The linkage of poverty and terrorism only add urgency to the rising problem. Ideas of how best to develop Africa change frequently as the years pass. Parts of Africa are potentially rich and prosperous; others are poor and likely to remain so for many years. Some areas are inviting and accessible; others are forbidding and inaccessible. Although
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some conventional wisdom tends to dismiss Africa‘s importance for the U.S., each one of Africa‘s five regions is significant enough in terms of population, potential economic development, impact on global issues and even current trade ties, to warrant sustained policy attention. Circumstances on the continent are likely to compel a greater commitment of resources than U.S. policymakers currently contemplate. When the U.S. is greatly involved in Africa, they are more powerful and important; when the U.S. is less involved, their status diminishes. (Lieutenant Colonel Jacqueline E. Cumbo, 2003). Bill Clinton (born 1946), the 42nd U.S. president, served in office from 1993 to 2001. Prior to that, the Arkansas native and Democrat was governor of his home state. During Clinton‘s time in the White House, America enjoyed an era of peace and prosperity, marked by low unemployment, declining crime rates and a budget surplus. During his time as president, Clinton accomplished quiet a number of things in the white house some of which are: Clinton appointed a number of women and minorities to top government posts, including Janet Reno, the first female U.S. attorney general, and Madeleine Albright, the first female U.S. secretary of state. – Clinton supported the North American Free Trade Agreement, which he signed into law in 1994. – His presidency saw the passage of welfare reform in Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act which ended Aid to Families with Dependent Children and reduced the number of welfare programs which received support from both political parties. – He also signed the reversal of the Glass-Steagall Act which was designed to prevent financial institutions from getting too big to fail. – He also signed the Commodity Futures Modernization Act which legalized over-the-counter derivatives
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Clinton was inaugurated in January 1993 at age 46, making him the third-youngest president in history up to that time. During his first term, Clinton enacted a variety of pieces of domestic legislation, including the Family and Medical Leave Act and the Violence against Women Act, along with key bills pertaining to crime and gun violence, education, the environment and welfare reform. He put forth measures to reduce the federal budget deficit and also signed the North American Free Trade Agreement, which eliminated trade barriers between the United States, Canada and Mexico. He attempted to enact universal health insurance for all Americans, and appointed first lady Hillary Clinton to head the committee charged with creating the plan. However, the committee‘s plan was opposed by conservatives and the health care industry, among others, and Congress ultimately failed to act on it.
During Clinton‘s second term, the U.S. economy was healthy, unemployment was low and the nation experienced a major technology boom and the rise of the Internet. In 1998, the United States achieved its first federal budget surplus in three decades (the final two years of Clinton‘s presidency also resulted in budget surpluses). In 2000, the president signed legislation establishing permanent normal trade relations with China. Additionally, the Clinton administration helped broker a peace accord in Northern Ireland in 1998. That same year, America launched air attacks against Iraq‘s nuclear, chemical and biological weapons programs. In 1999, the United States led a NATO effort to end ethnic cleansing in Kosovo. In the midst of these events, Clinton‘s second term was marred by scandal. On December 19, 1998, the U.S. House of Representatives impeached him for perjury and obstruction of justice in connection with a sexual relationship he had with White House intern Monica Lewinsky (1973) between late 1995 and early 1997.
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―A New Game: The Clinton Administration on Africa by Frank Smyth, June 3rd, 1998, World Policy Journal‖. The Clinton has forced America attention on Sub-Sahara Africa like no other administration before it. Bill Clinton administration was from January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001 as the 42nd president of the United States. Inaugurated at age 46, he was the third youngest President, belonging to the Democratic Party. Bill Clinton‘s 1998 tour initiated the modern era of formal visits to Sub-Sahara Africa; there were subsequent visits after this to Africa.
The African Growth and Opportunity Act [AGOA] is also a legislation that has been approved by the U.S Congress in May 2000. The purpose of this legislation is to assist the economies of Sub-Saharan Africa and to improve economic relations between the United States and the region; it was signed by President Bill Clinton.
In 1998, the administration appointed an Assistant U.S Trade Representative [USTR] for Africa and senior advisor for African Programs at the Export-Import Bank. In addition, the Administration hosted the first annual U.S Sub-Saharan African Trade and Economic Cooperation Forum to discuss expanding trade and economic relations between the U.S and Sub-Saharan Africa. Symbolically, President Clinton‘s trips to Africa in 1996 and 1998 also transformed U.S relations with the Sub-Saharan African nations. The visits highlighted Africa‘s opportunities as well as U.S support for economic transformations underway in the region.
―The Pursuit of peace and Democratic Spotlight: Sub-Saharan Africa, posted by Andrea‖. It seems not a day ceases to pass without a report of a new country or region that poses a threat to U.S security and ―American way of life‘. The news of the use of chemical weapons in Syria, the growing economic strength of markets and businesses in China, and the influence of drug cartels on Mexico-U.S border detail the global pressures on American power daily. Strangely, however,
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the growing African nations are not nearly as ubiquitous within the news. When America and Sub-Saharan interactions are profiled, the stories often detail how the U.S is aiding the ―ailing‖ notion, protecting the tenants of democracy, and promoting universal peace. When President Bill Clinton came into office in 1994, his Sub-Saharan African policy focused on the economic integration of the region into the global economy, alongside the mitigation of threats to national security. Two of Clinton‘s largest foreign policy missions in the region existed in Somalia and Rwanda.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The problem statement of the project is drawn from the eminent need of Sub-Saharan Africa in areas of growth crucial to development ranging from. The project aims to answer the need to why did the Clinton administration attempt to aid Sub-Saharan Africa? As said earlier it was only eminent the sub-Saharan Africa faced tons of downturns to economic growth then, some of which were: underdevelopment, lack of funds and effects of war.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objective of the study is to assess the U.S aids to Sub-Saharan Africa during the Bill Clinton administration. However, the following are the specific objectives of the study, which are to:
1. Analyze the motivations behind U.S aids to Sub-Saharan Africa.
2. Examine the challenges and opportunities of the U.S aids to Sub-Saharan Africa.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
In relation to the objectives of the study, based on the research problem, the following questions were answered in this study:
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1. What are the motivations behind U.S. aids to Sub-Saharan Africa during the Bill Clinton Administration?
2. What are the challenges and opportunities of the U.S. aids to Sub-Saharan Africa?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The result of this study will be of great importance to international relations and diplomacy students and foreign scholars, as they require this work for further learning. Similarly, political researchers and students of higher citadels of learning would also benefit from this research work as the conceptual clarification and theoretical framework of this work would enhance their knowledge and understanding of the subject matter, thus serving as a basis inspired through simple action to carry out further studies.
1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
The study was undertaken to ascertain the U.S. aids to Sub-Saharan Africa during the Bill Clinton Administration, the study would therefore be limited to the Bill Clinton administration. Data for this study would be gathered from material through the use of secondary data. Meanwhile, a major limitation to this study is inadequate time because the time frame for this research is not enough as attention has to be given to other courses required by this programme. Another limitation is not getting enough materials for the research of this work.
1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This research work contains five chapters in which chapter one contains the introduction to the
study and chapter two will be the literature review containing the conceptual clarification and
theoretical framework. Chapter three will contain research methodology that will be used during
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the course of the study. Chapter four will focus on data analysis of the research carried out and
Chapter five will contain the summary and conclusion alongside recommendation to the study.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
(i) Aid:
Aid refers to an act or result of helping and providing assistance.
(ii) Foreign aid:
Foreign aid refers to money, food, or other resources given or lent by one country to another. It can also be defined as the international transfer capital, goods, or services from a country or international organization for the benefit of the recipient country or its population. Aid can be economic, military, or emergency humanitarian (e.g., aid given following natural disasters).
(iii) Sub-Saharan Africa:
Sub-Saharan Africa is geographically referred to as the area of the continent of Africa that lies South of the Sahara Desert. Politically, it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara.
(iv) Administration:
Administration refers to the group of individuals who are in charge of creating and enforcing rules and regulations, or those in leadership positions who complete important tasks.
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(v) Donor:
Donor refers to a person or group of that gives something (such as money, food, or clothes) in order to help a person or organization.
(vi) Fiscal:
Fiscal usually refers to government finance, relating to the money of a government, business, or organization earns, spends, and owes.
(vii) Rationale:
Rationale refers to a set of reasons or a logical basis for a course of action or belief.
(viii) Rhetoric:
Rhetoric refers to the undue use of exaggeration or display. It is also a language that is intended to influence people and that may not be honest or reasonable.
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