CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Background of the Study
Intervention and non-intervention is regarded an activity pattern in the international interactions because of the mutual impact of those members in the international system upon that the international intervention had increased due to the interests that are important for the super powers that interact horizontally and vertically and combine many political, economic and security objectives here. There has been anew widespread view which states that the international human military intervention for the benefit of individuals and populations is justified to stop any dangerous oppressions or practices that hinder basic human rights like genocide or mass killings and bad treatment. The transformations happened for the international system post the cold war and the end socialist countries and the explosion of internal revolution in many countries had participated in the “emergence of the international human military intervention phenomenon, because there were many demands for such thing to face some tyrants here.
The popular uprisings against long-serving and despotic heads of state in North Africa has been dubbed the Jasmine Revolution or Arab Spring. The uprisings, which began in Tunisia in December 2010, and subsequently in Egypt culminated in mass demonstrations against Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, the Libyan Head of State. While the demonstrations that led to the ousting of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali of Tunisia and Hosni Mubarak of Egypt were short-lived, the intransigence of Gaddafi to stand down has consequently plunged Libya into protracted mayhem and bloodshed. The Libyan crisis began as a series of peaceful protests in which Gaddafi’s security services attempted to repress, beginning on 15 February 2011. Within a week, this uprising had spread across the country. Gaddafi responded with military force and other measures as blocking of communications. The situation then escalated into armed conflict, with anti-Gaddafi forces establishing a Transitional National Council (TNC) based in Benghazi.
The International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty stated that a state’s freedom from external interference is conditional upon its fulfilment of its sovereign obligation to protect its citizens. This concept, termed the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) (Cruz, 2013), was not without its detractors. Governments in Asia and Latin America claimed the concept sought to legitimize the use of force by strong states against weak ones (Seybolt 2008). Indeed, the role of politics in decisions to intervene has been the subject of ongoing academic debate. Some go as far as to argue an international custom allowing for humanitarian intervention will trigger unjustified interventions based on spurious motives (Tesón 2003). After the fall of Muammar Gaddafi, many questions endure regarding the reasons for NATO’s decision to intervene. Many argue that Nato intervened for economic and political gains while others argue that it was in response to humanitarian call. However, going by the present aftermaths of the attach such as the emergence of Al-Qaida and other dangerous terrorist organizations, the highly detoriating economic power of Libya, political instability and a shaken sovereignty, this research into the way Nato’s intervention in the Libyan crises in 2011 affected Libyan Sovereignty becomes necessary.
1.2 Statement of Problem
NATO’s intervention in Libya has raised much controversy and been subject to opposite assessments. While many analysts, and NATO itself, refer to Operation Unified Protector in Libya as an undeniable success and even a template for future NATO operations, others accuse the Alliance of stretching its United Nations mandate in favour of a preset goal aimed at regime change. Moreover, assessing NATO’s effective engagement in Libya has inevitably triggered comparisons with the parallel case of Syria, which involves a similar humanitarian disaster but has triggered less international and regional enthusiasm for intervention. Importantly, further criticism blames NATO’s operation for the current state of chaos and insecurity in post-Gaddafi Libya. However, one should be careful when assessing NATO’s operation in a manner that balances the successful military operation with the naturally predictable need to act in post-Gaddafi Libya. The following lines attempt to provide an assessment of the intervention in Libya and to sensibly consider its implications for the current and future security situation in the Mediterranean.
In contrast with this outlook, NATO’s intervention in Libya has also received heavy criticism, including charges that the Alliance intentionally expanded its UN mandate, siding with the Libyan protestors with the aim of achieving regime change rather than merely protecting civilians. African leaders, especially, have been particularly loud in accusing NATO of completely disregarding the African Union Road Map for Libya with this aim. Many observers have gone further still and blamed NATO’s intervention for the now torn Libya and the fact that it remains trapped in unceasing violence.
This research work therefore concerns itself with the major causes that pushed toward the international military intervention in Libya, particularly its impact on the national sovereignty, and the controversy regarding the western justifications for the reasons of the international human military intervention.
1.3 Research Questions
- What is the nature of Libyan Sovereignty and Nato intervention in Lybia?
- How did international community react to Nato intervention?
- How has Nato intervention affected Libya Sovereignty?
1.4 Objectives of the Study
The present study was conducted to achieve a general objective of x-raying how Nato’s intervention in Libya has affected her sovereignty. Specifically, the study intends to;
- Investigate Libyan sovereignty and Nato intervention.
- Analyze international reactions to Nato intervention.
- Determine the effect of Nato intervention on Libya sovereignty.
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