ABSTRACT
Despite its clinical application, computed tomography scan is not readily available in developing countries, like Nigeria. Some patients who require CT examination are either managed blindly, or do not present for it at the appropriate time. This study assesses the referral pattern, indications and results of CT referrals, as they are obtained in University of Nigeria Teaching hospital Ituku/Ozalla,Enugu.Retrospectively recorded data of all patients who presented for CT scan between May 2011- April 2012 at UNTH,Enugu were analysed. A total of 726 CT scans studied, were made up of 416 males (57.30%) and 310 females (42.70%). Majority of the patients were within the age range of 21-30 years representing 15.30% of all referrals. 29.01% (211) of all CT scans were referred from accident and emergency unit, followed by surgical out-patient department 11.98%.Analysis of the clinical indications showed trauma and RTA to be the commonest indication for brain CT referrals 21.81%, abdominal neoplasm/metastasis for abdominal pelvic CT scan 24.48%, respiratory difficulty for chest CT 25%, suspected cervical fracture for neck CT scan 38.09% and spondylosis for spine CT 61.54%. Analysis of the CT diagnosis showed cerebral atrophy to be the commonest result for brain CT referral 12.48%, hepatic disorder for abdominopelvic 12.58%, laryngeal cancer for neck CT 24%, PTB for chest CT scan 21.48% and spondylosis for spine CT 29.41%. Out of the 726 CT scan studied, 228 (31.40%) had normal findings while 498(68.60%) had abnormal findings. CT had made substantial impact on patient care, though the study showed a relatively poor referral rate to CT examination. The study recommends proper sensitization of health personnel on the wide clinical applications of CT and improved health care insurance scheme to ensure better access to modern diagnostic tools by patients.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Approval page ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgment v
Abstract vi
Tables of contents vii
List of Tables viii
CHAPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION
- Background 1
- statement of problems 3
- General objectives of the study 3
- Specific objectives of the study 3
- Significance of the study 4
- Scope of study 4
- Review of related literatures 4
CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
2:1 History of Computed tomography ( CT) 12
2.2 Basic principles of computed tomography 12
2.3 Evaluation and generation of CT scanners 13
2.4 Helical computed tomography 15
2.5 Multislice scanners 16
2.6 Other design of CT scanners 17
2.7 CT System Components 18
2.8 Different CT Examinations 20
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research design 27
3.2 Population 27
3.2.1 Area of study 27
3.2.2 Target population 27
3.2.3 Subject selection criteria
3.3 Ethical approval 28
3.4 Method of data of data collection28
3.4.1 Source of data 28
3.4.2 Procedure for data collection 28
3.5 Data analysis 28
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION 30
CHAPTER FIVE: 46
5.1 Discussion 46
5.2 Summary of findings 51
5.3 Recommendation 52
5.4 Limitation of the study 53
5.5 Conclusion 53
5.6 Area of further study 53
References 55
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The advent of CT has revolutionized diagnostic radiology. It is estimated that more than 62 million CT scans per year are currently obtained in the United States, including at least 4 million for children1.
Although computed tomography has been in use in the diagnosis of head trauma and some pathologies of other part of the body, it is only inthe last 15-20 years that it became widely used. In fact, since its invention in the 1970s, it has been shown to have wide application within all radiological sub specialties 2.CT has effectively replaced many other radiological procedures such as lymphangiography, catheter arterial and venous angiography of the brain and the spine 3.
New applications and clinical roles for CT has emerged in the last few years including CT angiography, pulmonary embolism detection, the diagnosis of abdominal pain and appendicitis and the investigation of renal colic.
The use of multi-detector technique and improved multi reconstructive algorithms has introduced newer opportunities in the use of CT for diagnosis of pathologies of the brain, spine, orbits, fracture and vascular system4.
Despite the vast clinical application, computed tomography is not readily available in developing countries like Nigeria and awareness of its clinical application based on anecdotal evidence is rather poor among general practice physicians and health care providers4.Enugu is a referral centre for the five south eastern states of Nigeria, but patients are also referred from other parts of Nigeria, especially the contiguous south-south and northern states5. Enugu as a state has over 723000 population6 with 17 L.G.A. Less than four (4) CT machines are in active use in Enugu as at the time of this research, with one owned by federal government and two by private establishment .This difference in acquisition could be attributed to high cost of machines, maintenance and poor awareness of its multifunctional attributes.
A previous study in Nigeria observed that the lack of CT scan facilities in a centre contributed a great deal to ahigh mortality rate of 19.8% in head trauma 7.In this environment, the prevalence of head injuries7,8,9,10., and other CT detectable pathologies had consistently risen over the decades. Unfortunately, many of these patients in many centres are still managed based on pre-CT era protocols, resulting in high mortality and morbidity. This is partially due to financial constraints, few CT scan centres which are not easily accessible to many of the referring doctors.Consequently,some patients who require imaging investigation are either blindly managed or do not present for CT scan at the appropriate time5.
There is also false impression that CT scan is expensiveand therefore, an avoidable financial burden to poor families.The pitiable transport facilities and unavailability of ambulance services make the transfer of ill patients to other hospitals particularly challenging. It is against this background that the researcher seeks to assess the pattern of computed tomography referrals in University of Nigeria Teaching hospital Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu state and hence the utilization of this veryimportant imaging modality.
1.2STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
- The clinical utility of CT has been associatedwith age and gender11.The distribution of this CT utility based on age and gender, to the best of the researcher’s knowledge has not been documented in our locality.
- Studies have also shown that, the most common clinical indications and diagnosis for CT examinations vary in different localities4, 5, 12. There is thus need to find out what is obtainable in our locality.
- Few documented research literatures on computed tomography referrals in our locality, is available.
1.3GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this study was to assess the referral patterns, indications and results of CT referrals in university of Nigeria teaching hospital Ituku/Ozalla, Enugu state.
- SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
- To determine the age and sex distribution of patients referred to CT examination.
- To determinethe distribution of body regions examinedof patients referred to CT examination.
- To determine the sources of referrals.
- To evaluate the indications and results of referrals for CT examinations.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- The significance of this research is aimed at prompting government and private individuals to see need to establish more CT diagnostic centres in Enugu state.
- This study will provide the needed baseline data that can be utilized by policy makers in the review of resources for the CT unit.
- The result of this research work will be of immense help to radiology staffs in the efficient and effective management of CT unit.
1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY
The study was carried out for CT examinations done from May 2011- April 2012. Data collected includes demographic information (such as date of examination, age and sex of patients), body regions of the examination, indications for the examinations, radiological diagnosis and referring unit.
DISCLAIMER: All project works, files and documents posted on this website, UniProjectTopics.com are the property/copyright of their respective owners. They are for research reference/guidance purposes only and some of the works may be crowd-sourced. Please don’t submit someone’s work as your own to avoid plagiarism and its consequences. Use it as a reference/citation/guidance purpose only and not copy the work word for word (verbatim). The paper should be used as a guide or framework for your own paper. The contents of this paper should be able to help you in generating new ideas and thoughts for your own study. UniProjectTopics.com is a repository of research works where works are uploaded for research guidance. Our aim of providing this work is to help you eradicate the stress of going from one school library to another in search of research materials. This is a legal service because all tertiary institutions permit their students to read previous works, projects, books, articles, journals or papers while developing their own works. This is where the need for literature review comes in. “What a good artist understands is that nothing comes from nowhere. All creative work builds on what came before. Nothing is completely original.” - Austin Kleon. The paid subscription on UniProjectTopics.com is a means by which the website is maintained to support Open Education. If you see your work posted here by any means, and you want it to be removed/credited, please contact us with the web address link to the work. We will reply to and honour every request. Please notice it may take up to 24 – 48 hours to process your request.
